Hubungan antara Pengetahuan Gizi Ibu, Pola Asuh Makan, Asupan Gizi, dan Status Gizi Anak Usia Prasekolah di Permukiman Kumuh

Abstract

Masalah gizi pada anak usia prasekolah masih menjadi perhatian, terutama di wilayah permukiman kumuh yang memiliki keterbatasan akses terhadap pangan bergizi dan kondisi sosial ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan antara pengetahuan gizi ibu, pola asuh makan, asupan gizi, dan status gizi anak usia prasekolah di permukiman kumuh. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan 59 anak usia 36–59 bulan yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara menggunakan kuesioner karakteristik subjek dan keluarga, pengetahuan gizi ibu, pola asuh makan, food recall 2×24 jam, serta pengukuran antropometri. Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk menggambarkan karakteristik variabel, sedangkan analisis hubungan menggunakan uji Rank-Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan gizi ibu (57,6%) dan pola asuh makan (67,8%) lebih banyak berada pada kategori kurang. Tingkat kecukupan energi dan karbohidrat sebagian besar defisit (>65,0%), sedangkan protein dan lemak lebih banyak berada pada kategori normal (>40%). Sebagian besar anak memiliki status gizi normal berdasarkan BB/U, TB/U, dan BB/TB (>65%). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan gizi ibu dengan pola asuh makan (r=0,235; p=0,073). Pola asuh makan tidak berhubungan dengan kecukupan energi, protein, dan lemak (p>0,05), tetapi berhubungan dengan kecukupan karbohidrat (r=-0,306; p=0,019). Asupan zat gizi tidak berhubungan dengan status gizi berdasarkan BB/U, TB/U, maupun BB/TB (p>0,05).

Nutritional problems among preschool children remain a concern, particularly in slum areas where access to nutritious food and socioeconomic conditions are limited. This study aimed to analyze the associations between mothers' nutritional knowledge, feeding practices, nutritional intake, and nutritional status of preschool children in slum areas. The study used a cross-sectional design involving 59 children aged 36–59 months selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires on subject and family characteristics, mothers' nutritional knowledge, and feeding practices, a 2×24-hour food recall, and anthropometric measurements. Descriptive analysis was used to describe variable characteristics, while association analysis used the Rank-Spearman test. The results showed that mothers' nutritional knowledge (57.6%) and feeding practices (67.8%) were more frequently categorized as poor. Most children had deficient energy and carbohydrate adequacy (>65.0%), while protein and fat adequacy were more frequently categorized as normal (>40%). Most children had normal nutritional status based on WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ (>65%). There was no association between mothers' nutritional knowledge and feeding practices (r=0.235; p=0.073). Feeding practices were not associated with energy, protein, or fat adequacy (p>0.05), but were associated with carbohydrate adequacy (r=-0.306; p=0.019). Nutritional intake was not associated with nutritional status based on WAZ, HAZ, or WHZ (p>0.05).