Pola Konsumsi Gula, Garam, dan Lemak dari Pangan Jajanan Anak Sekolah di Wilayah Jakarta Pusat

Abstract

Pangan jajanan anak sekolah (PJAS) merupakan salah satu sumber asupan energi harian bagi anak-anak di sekolah, namun sebagian PJAS memiliki kandungan gula, garam, dan lemak (GGL) tinggi yang dapatmeningkatkan risiko masalah gizi dan penyakit tidak menular (PTM). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pola konsumsi terutama pada asupan GGL yang berasal dari PJAS, menganalisis perbedaan asupan GGL dari PJAS berdasarkan karakteristik individu, serta kesesuaiannya dengan batas aman yang ditetapkan oleh Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 30 Tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diambil oleh BPOM pada tahun 2021 dengan 106 responden siswa SD, SMP, dan SMA di wilayah Jakarta Pusat. Data konsumsi dikumpulkan melalui metode Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), sedangkan kandungan GGL dianalisis melalui basis data komposisi pangan dan label pangan olahan. Analisis data menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif dan inferensial, meliputi uji Wilcoxon One-Sample Signed Rank Test, Mann-Whitney, dan Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil analisis menunjukkan lebih dari 50% responden mengonsumsi GGL melebihi batas asupan harian, dengan proporsi responden yang melebihi batas asupan GGL masing-masing sebesar 80,19%, 66,98%, dan 93,40%. Nilai median asupan gula (161,34 gram; Q1 = 91,92; Q3 = 289,83), garam (7,45 gram; Q1 = 4,02; Q3 = 9,50), dan lemak (185,73 gram; Q1 = 128,30; Q3 = 328,88) dari PJAS telah melampaui batas aman harian (gula 50 gram; garam 5 gram; lemak 67 gram). Tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikan pada asupan GGL berdasarkan jenis kelamin, uang saku, dan jenjang pendidikan (p > 0,05).

Kata kunci: anak sekolah, GGL, PJAS, pola konsumsi, PTM

School children’s snack foods (Pangan Jajanan Anak Sekolah/PJAS) serve as a daily energy source for students at school; however, some PJAS contain high levels of sugar, salt, and fat (SSF), which can increase the risk of nutritional problems and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to analyze consumption patterns, specifically SSF intake derived from PJAS, evaluate variations in SSF intake based on individual characteristics, and assess compliance with the daily safe limits established by the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 30 of 2013. This study utilized secondary data collected by the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM RI) in 2021, comprising 106 elementary, junior high, and senior high school student respondents in Central Jakarta. Dietary intake data were collected using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) method, while SSF contents were analyzed using food composition databases and processed food labels. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential approaches, including the One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, Mann-Whitney U Test, and Kruskal-Wallis Test. The analysis revealed that more than 50% of respondents exceeded the recommended daily intake limits for sugar, salt, and fat (GGL), with the proportions exceeding these limits reaching 80.19%, 66.98%, and 93.40%, respectively. Median intake values for sugar (161.34 g; Q1 = 91.92; Q3 = 289.83), salt (7.45 g; Q1 = 4.02; Q3 = 9.50), and fat (185.73 g; Q1 = 128.30; Q3 = 328.88) from PJAS exceeded the recommended safe daily limits (sugar: 50 g; salt: 5 g; fat: 67 g). No statistically significant differences were found in SSF intake based on sex, pocket money, or educational level (p > 0.05).

Keywords: consumption patterns, NCDs, PJAS, school children, SSF