Hubungan Rasio Asupan Natrium-kalium dan Tingkat Aktivitas Fisik dengan Tekanan Darah pada Ibu Hamil di Puskesmas Cangkurawok, Dramaga, Bogor

Abstract

Hipertensi dalam kehamilan merupakan salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu serta janin. Tekanan darah selama kehamilan dipengaruhi berbagai faktor, termasuk faktor yang dapat dimodifikasi, seperti asupan natrium, asupan kalium, dan aktivitas fisik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan rasio asupan natrium-kalium dan tingkat aktivitas fisik dengan tekanan darah pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Cangkurawok, Dramaga, Bogor. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan teknik total sampling pada 37 ibu hamil trimester II dan III. Asupan natrium dan kalium diperoleh melalui non-consecutive food recall 2×24 jam, aktivitas fisik diukur menggunakan Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire, dan tekanan darah diukur menggunakan tensimeter digital. Analisis data menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson dan Spearman (p<0,05). 83,8% subjek memiliki tekanan darah normal, sedangkan masing-masing 8,1% mengalami hipertensi kronis dan hipertensi gestasional. Sebanyak 86,5% subjek memiliki asupan natrium melebihi rekomendasi WHO (>2.000 mg/hari), dan seluruh subjek memiliki asupan kalium di bawah rekomendasi WHO (<3.510 mg/hari). Asupan kalium berhubungan negatif dengan tekanan darah sistolik, sedangkan rasio natrium-kalium berhubungan positif dengan tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik. Aktivitas fisik tidak berhubungan dengan tekanan darah. Rasio natrium-kalium lebih representatif dibandingkan asupan natrium atau kalium secara terpisah dalam menggambarkan variasi tekanan darah, sehingga berpotensi menjadi indikator gizi dalam upaya pencegahan hipertensi pada ibu hamil.

Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Blood pressure during pregnancy is influenced by various factors, including modifiable factors such as sodium intake, potassium intake, and physical activity. This study aimed to analyze the association between the sodium-to-potassium intake ratio and physical activity level with blood pressure among pregnant women at Cangkurawok Primary Health Center, Dramaga, Bogor. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a total sampling technique involving 37 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. Sodium and potassium intakes were assessed using two non-consecutive 24-hour food recalls, physical activity was measured using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire, and blood pressure was measured using a digital sphygmomanometer. Data were analyzed using Pearson's and Spearman's correlation tests (p<0.05). Most participants had normal blood pressure (83.8%), while 8.1% had chronic hypertension and 8.1% had gestational hypertension. A total of 86.5% of participants had sodium intake exceeding the WHO recommendation (>2,000 mg/day), and all participants had potassium intake below the WHO recommendation (<3,510 mg/day). Potassium intake was negatively associated with systolic blood pressure, whereas the sodium-to-potassium ratio was positively associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Physical activity was not associated with blood pressure. The sodium-to-potassium ratio was more representative than sodium or potassium intake alone in explaining blood pressure variation and may serve as a potential nutritional indicator for preventing hypertensive disorders during pregnancy.