Hubungan Kualitas Diet, Aktivitas Fisik, dan Screen Time dengan Status Gizi Anak Usia 36-59 Bulan di Kampung Adat dan Perkotaan

Abstract

Masalah gizi pada anak usia 36–59 bulan masih menjadi tantangan kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia dan dipengaruhi oleh kualitas diet, aktivitas fisik, dan screen time. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan kualitas diet, aktivitas fisik, dan screen time dengan status gizi anak usia 36–59 bulan di kampung adat dan perkotaan. Penelitian menggunakan desain comparative cross-sectional study dengan total subjek 112 anak, masing-masing 56 anak di kampung adat dan 56 anak di perkotaan. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner karakteristik keluarga, food recall 2×24 jam, Early Years Physical Activity Questionnaire (EY-PAQ), kuesioner screen time, dan pengukuran antropometri. Kualitas diet dinilai menggunakan Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 dan status gizi dinilai berdasarkan BB/TB, TB/U, dan BB/U. Analisis menggunakan uji Spearman dan Mann–Whitney. Hasil menunjukkan aktivitas fisik anak kampung adat lebih tinggi dibandingkan perkotaan (p<0,05), sedangkan sebagian besar subjek memiliki screen time berlebih, kualitas diet buruk, dan status gizi normal. Kualitas diet total dan aktivitas fisik tidak berhubungan dengan status gizi (p>0,05). Namun, fatty acids berhubungan dengan BB/TB, refined grains dengan TB/U, saturated fats dengan BB/U, serta screen time dengan TB/U dan aktivitas fisik (p<0,05). Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya perbaikan kualitas diet, pembatasan screen time, dan pemantauan pertumbuhan anak.

Nutritional problems among children aged 36–59 months remain a public health challenge in Indonesia and are influenced by diet quality, physical activity, and screen time. This study aimed to analyze the associations of diet quality, physical activity, and screen time with the nutritional status of children aged 36–59 months in traditional villages and urban areas. This study used a comparative cross-sectional design involving 112 children, with 56 children from traditional villages and 56 from urban areas. Data were collected using a family characteristics questionnaire, two 24-hour food recalls, the Early Years Physical Activity Questionnaire (EY-PAQ), a screen time questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, while nutritional status was assessed based on weight-for-height (WHZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-age (WAZ). Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation and Mann–Whitney tests. The results showed that children in traditional villages had higher physical activity levels than those in urban areas (p<0.05), while most subjects had excessive screen time, poor diet quality, and normal nutritional status. Overall diet quality and physical activity were not significantly associated with nutritional status (p>0.05). However, fatty acids were significantly associated with WHZ, refined grains with HAZ, saturated fats with WAZ, and screen time with HAZ and physical activity (p<0.05). These findings emphasize the importance of improving diet quality, limiting screen time, and monitoring child growth.