Identifikasi Faktor Risiko Cemaran Listeria spp. dan Enterobacteriaceae Pada Selada Dari Pertanian Konvensional Dan Hidroponik di Bogor

Abstract

Bogor menjadi daerah yang cocok ditanami selada secara konvensional maupun hidroponik. Selada yang umumnya dikonsumsi tanpa perlakuan panas rentan tercemar Listeria spp. dan Enterobacteriaceae. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesesuaian praktik pertanian yang baik di pertanian konvensional dan hidroponik selada di daerah Bogor, menghitung konsentrasi cemaran Listeria spp. dan Enterobacteriaceae, serta mengidentifikasi faktor kontribusi kontaminasi mikroba tersebut pada pertanian. Metode penelitian dilakukan melalui survei pada 10 lokasi, pengambilan sampel selada (n=30), analisis kuantitatif Listeria spp. dan Enterobacteriaceae, serta mengidentifikasi faktor kontribusi risiko berdasarkan analisis sensitivitas menggunakan software Oracle Crystall Ball. Data observasi dan cemaran digunakan untuk menentukan faktor kontribusi risiko dengan pendekatan analisis berbasis risiko menggunakan peluang kejadian dan tingkat keparahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase kesesuaian praktik pertanian yang baik di pertanian hidroponik lebih besar dibandingkan dengan di pertanian konvensional selada di daerah Bogor. Hasil analisis kuantitatif Listeria spp. dan Enterobacteriaceae pada selada dari pertanian konvensional lebih besar (6,2 ± 0,3 dan 6,4 ± 0,4 Log CFU/g) dibandingkan hidroponik (5,4 ± 0,3 dan 5,9 ± 0,3 Log CFU/g). Faktor yang berkontribusi paling tinggi pada cemaran Listeria spp. di selada dari pertanian konvensional yaitu kebersihan wadah panen (53,4%) dan pengemasan (11,4%), sedangkan pada Enterobacteriaceae di selada yaitu kontaminasi tangan pekerja (19,4%) dan pengemasan (19,2%). Faktor yang berkontribusi pada Listeria spp. dan Enterobacteriaceae pada selada di pertanian hidroponik relatif setara antara 4 parameter yang diamati yaitu pencucian hasil panen (25,9% dan 24,7%), kontaminasi tangan pekerja (25,3% dan 25,7%), kesehatan pekerja (25,1% dan 25,6%), dan penyimpanan (23,7% dan 23,9%).

Bogor is a suitable area for planting lettuce by conventional method or hydroponic. Lettuce, which is generally consumed without heat treatment, is susceptible to be contaminated by Listeria spp. and Enterobacteriaceae. This study aimed to evaluate the fulfillment of good agricultural practices in conventional and hydroponic lettuce farming in the Bogor area, determine the concentration of Listeria spp. and Enterobacteriaceae contamination, and identify the contributing factors of these microbial contamination in agriculture. The research method was carried out through surveys at 10 farming, lettuce sampling (n=30), quantitative analysis of Listeria spp. and Enterobacteriaceae, and identifying risk contributing factors based on sensitivity analysis using Oracle Crystall Ball software. Observation and contamination data were used to determine risk contributing factors with a risk-based analysis approach using the probability and severity. The results showed that the percentage of fulfillment of good agricultural practices in hydroponic was greater than fulfillment conventional farming. The results of quantitative analysis of Listeria spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in conventional farming were greater (6.2 ± 0.3 and 6.4 ± 0.4 Log CFU/g) compared to hydroponics (5.4 ± 0.3 and 5.9 ± 0.3 Log CFU/g). The highest contributing factors to Listeria spp. contamination in lettuce from conventional farms were harvest container cleanliness (53.4%) and packaging (11.4%), while those for Enterobacteriaceae in lettuce were worker hand contamination (19.4%) and packaging (19.2%). Factors contributing to Listeria spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in lettuce in hydroponic farms were relatively equal between the 4 parameters observed, namely washing of the harvest (25.9% and 24.7%), worker hand contamination (25.3% and 25.7%), worker health (25.1% and 25.6%), and storage (23.7% and 23.9%).