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      The Hydraulics Retention Time Impact in Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Coupled with Electrocoagulation for Treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Azizah, Khusnita
      Kurniawan, Allen
      Wardhani, Puteri Kusuma
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      Abstract
      The palm oil industry emerged as a primary non-oil and gas exporter in 2023, providing massive revenue contributions to Indonesia. However, this economic achievement is accompanied by urgent environmental responsibility, particularly in managing high volume palm oil mill effluent. This study investigates the performance of a hybrid Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) integrated with an Electrocoagulation (EC) unit and trimethylchlorosilane modified Kapok Fibre (KF). The overall system performance was evaluated at various hydraulic retention times (24, 36, and 48 h) for pollutant removal, followed by the estimation of biokinetic parameters under unsteady state conditions. Experimental results indicated that the superhydrophobic KF successfully adsorbed 46% - 53% of the oil, while the EC unit only removed 9% – 18% of sCOD. Overall, the average system sCOD removal reached 52%, 54%, and 66%, whereas oil and grease removal achieved 71.7%, 81.38%, and 80.2% respectively. The most optimal MBBR performance was attained at a 36-h HRT, achieving 92% BOD removal while maintaining stable biomass quantity. Conversely, a 48-h HRT maximized TSS removal up to 73.38% but produced a highly alkaline effluent with a pH of 10.56. This alkaline condition induced the accumulation of iron precipitate on the Kaldness, thickening from a range of 47 to 119 µm up to 68 to 191 µm, accompanied by a distinct yellowish discoloration. Consequently, BOD and Total Nitrogen efficiencies experienced a sharp decline to 50% and 43%. The biokinetic modeling confirmed the validity of the Monod model with pH inhibition, yielding a maximum specific growth rate (µmax) of 1.77/day, half-saturation constant (Ks) of 20.00 mg sCOD/L, endogenous decay coefficient (Ke) of 0.98/day, and biomass yield (Y) of 6.07 mg TSS/mg sCOD.
       
      Industri kelapa sawit menjadi eksportir utama sektor nonmigas pada tahun 2023, yang memberikan kontribusi pendapatan yang masif bagi Indonesia. Namun demikian, pencapaian ekonomi ini diiringi oleh tanggung jawab lingkungan yang mendesak, khususnya dalam pengelolaan limbah cair kelapa sawit yang bervolume tinggi. Penelitian ini mengkaji kinerja sistem hibrida Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) yang terintegrasi dengan unit Elektrokoagulasi (EC) dan Serat Kapuk (KF) termodifikasi oleh trimethylchlorosilane. Kinerja keseluruhan sistem dalam menyisihkan polutan dievaluasi pada berbagai variasi Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 24, 36, dan 48 jam, dan dilanjutkan dengan estimasi parameter biokinetika pada kondisi tidak tunak. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa KF bersifat superhidrofobik berhasil mengadsorpsi 46% - 53% minyak dan lemak, sementara unit EC hanya mampu menyisihan sCOD sebesar 9 % - 18%. Secara keseluruhan, rata-rata efisiensi penyisihan sCOD sistem mencapai 52%, 54%, dan 66%, sedangkan penyisihan minyak dan lemak mencapai 71,7%; 81,38%; dan 80,2%. Kinerja MBBR paling optimal dicapai pada HRT 36 jam, menghasilkan efisiensi penyisihan BOD 92% dan mempertahankan kestabilan kuantitas biomassa. HRT 48 jam memaksimalkan penyisihan TSS, tetapi menghasilkan efluen yang sangat basa dengan pH 10,56. Selain itu, kondisi basa memicu akumulasi persipitat besi pada media, yang menyebabkan penebalan biofilm dari 47-119 µm menjadi 68-191 µm dengan karakteristik warna kekuningan. Akibatnya, efisiensi penyisihan BOD dan TN mengalami penurunan drastis menjadi 50% dan 43%. Pemodelan biokinetika mengonfirmasi validitas model Monod dengan parameter inhibisi pH, yang menghasilkan estimasi laju pertumbuhan spesifik maksimum sebesar (µmax) 1,77/hari, kondisi setengah saturasi (Ks) sebesar 20,00 mgsCOD/L, koefisien kematian endogen (Ke) sebesar 0,98/hari, dan koefisien yield (Y) sebesar 6,07 mgTSS/mgsCOD.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/177005
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      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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