Kelekatan Ibu-Anak, Kualitas Lingkungan Pengasuhan, dan Perkembangan Kognitif Anak Usia Prasekolah di Perdesaan

Abstract

Perkembangan kognitif pada anak usia prasekolah menjadi aspek fundamental dalam menentukan kualitas hidup anak di masa depan, mengingat capaian kognitif di fase ini menjadi prediktor kuat bagi keberhasilan akademik, kemampuan adaptasi sosial, dan produktivitas anak hingga dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan serta pengaruh kelekatan ibu-anak dan kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan terhadap perkembangan kognitif anak usia prasekolah di perdesaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain eksplanatori dan melibatkan 121 pasangan ibu-anak usia 3-6 tahun di Desa Ciasmara yang dipilih melalui metode purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner self-administered dan observasi langsung menggunakan instrumen yang reliabel. Data diolah menggunakan software Ms. Excel, SPSS 25 dan SmartPLS 3. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan bahwa usia anak, urutan kelahiran, usia ibu, pendidikan ayah dan ibu, serta besar keluarga berkorelasi signifikan dengan kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan, sementara pekerjaan ibu dan usia anak berkorelasi positif signifikan dengan perkembangan kognitif. Hasil uji pengaruh menggunakan SEM menunjukkan bahwa secure attachment berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan, dan kualitas lingkungan pengasuhan berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap perkembangan kognitif anak prasekolah.

Cognitive development in preschool-aged children is a fundamental aspect in determining their future quality of life, given that cognitive achievements during this phase serve as strong predictors of academic success, social adaptability, and productivity into adulthood. This study aims to analyze the relationship and influence of mother-child attachment and parental environment quality on the cognitive development of preschool-aged children in rural areas. This study employs a quantitative approach with an explanatory design and involves 121 mother-child pairs aged 3–6 years in Ciasmara Village, selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and direct observation with reliable instruments. Data were analyzed using Ms. Excel, SPSS 25, and SmartPLS 3 software. Correlation test results indicated that the child’s age, birth order, mother’s age, parent’s education, and family size were significantly

correlated with the parental environment quality, while the mother’s occupation and the child’s age were significantly positively correlated with cognitive development. The results of the influence test using SEM showed that secure attachment had a significant positive effect on the parental environment quality, and the parental environment quality had a significant positive effect on the cognitive development of preschool children.