Interaksi Probiotik Lactiplantibacillus plantarum dengan Berbagai Feed Additive terhadap Fermentabilitas Rumen dan Mitigasi Metana secara In vitro

Abstract

Fermentasi rumen menghasilkan produk akhir berupa gas metana. Produksi metana menyebabkan kehilangan sebesar 2%-12% gross energy intake (GEI). Dampak yang terjadi harus segera diatasi untuk meningkatkan produksi. Penggunaan feed additive dilakukan sebagai strategi mengurangi kehilangan energi. Feed additive yang aman digunakan bagi ternak seperti probiotik, prebiotik, ekstrak tanaman, dan enzim. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pengaruh penambahan probiotik Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), xilooligosakarida (XOS), XOS terproteksi tanin, enzim selulase, dan kombinasinya terhadap fermentabilitas rumen dan produksi metana, serta mengevaluasi interaksi antara probiotik L. plantarum dengan berbagai feed additive terhadap fermentabilitas rumen dan produksi metana. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua tahap yaitu tahap persiapan bahan penelitian dan fermentasi in vitro. Tahap pertama yaitu penyusunan ransum, menumbuhkan probiotik L. plantarum dalam medium perlakuan yang dibagi dalam tiga perlakuan serta tiga ulangan dengan rancangan acak lengkap, dan produksi XOS secara enzimatis menggunakan enzim selulase dari Actinomycetes. Tahap kedua yaitu fermentasi in vitro menggunakan cairan rumen sapi Peranakan Ongole dan persentase ransum 40% rumput gajah:60% konsentrat. Tahap ini dibagi dalam empat belas perlakuan serta lima ulangan dengan rancangan acak kelompok. Parameter yang diamati di antaranya yaitu mikrobiologi probiotik, analisis oligosakarida, pH, konsentrasi amonia (N-NH3), volatile fatty acids (VFA) parsial, kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO), total gas, kinetika gas, produksi metana, dan populasi bakteri rumen. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan Pearson’s correlation (r) serta perlakuan yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05) pada medium probiotik diuji dengan uji lanjut Duncan, sedangkan variabel fermentasi yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05) diuji dengan kontras Ortogonal yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan menggunakan SAS (Statistical Analysis System). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0,05) terhadap pH probiotik, asetat (C2), propionate (C3), isobutirat, butirat, isovalerat, rasio C2:C3, total gas, kinetika gas, metana, total bakteri, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella ruminicola, L. plantarum, Selenomonas ruminantium, dan metanogen, sedangkan perlakuan lainnya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah penambahan 3,48% dekstrosa, 0,3% lisin, dan 0,3% metionin mampu menurunkan pH medium. Xilan dari pelepah sawit dapat dihidrolisis menjadi xilooligosakarida oleh enzim selulase dari Actinomycetes. Penggunaan 1% dan 3% XOS, 1% dan 3% XOS terproteksi tanin secara tunggal, serta kombinasinya dengan probiotik L. plantarum dan enzim selulase mampu menurunkan produksi gas metana. Kombinasi probiotik dengan feed additive terbukti lebih efisien dalam mengurangi metana.

Rumen fermentation produces the end product of methane gas. Methane production causes losses of 2%-12% of gross energy intake (GEI). The impact that occurs must be addressed immediately to increase production. Feed additives are used as a strategy to reduce energy loss. Feed additives safe for livestock include probiotics, prebiotics, plant extracts, and enzymes. This study aims to identify the effect of the addition of probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), xylooligosaccharide (XOS), tannin-protected XOS, cellulase enzyme, and their combination on rumen fermentability and methane production, and evaluate the interaction between probiotic L. plantarum and various feed additives on rumen fermentability and methane production. This research consisted of two stages: preparation of research materials and in vitro fermentation. The first stage was the preparation of the ration, growing probiotic L. plantarum in the treatment medium, which was divided into three treatments and three replications with a complete randomized design, and enzymatic production of XOS using cellulase enzymes from Actinomycetes. The second stage was in vitro fermentation using Peranakan Ongole cattle rumen fluid and a ration percentage of 40% elephant grass:60% concentrate. This stage was divided into fourteen treatments and five replicates with a group randomized design. Parameters observed included probiotic microbiology, oligosaccharide analysis, pH, ammonia concentration (N-NH3), partial volatile fatty acids (VFA), dry matter digestibility (KcBK), organic matter digestibility (KcBO), total gas, gas kinetics, methane production, and rumen bacterial population. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's correlation (r), and treatments that differed significantly (P<0.05) on the probiotic medium were tested with Duncan's further test. In contrast, fermentation variables that differed significantly (P<0.05) were tested with Orthogonal contrast and divided into four treatment groups using SAS (Statistical Analysis System). The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect (P<0.05) on probiotic pH, acetate (C2), propionate (C3), isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, C2:C3 ratio, total gas, gas kinetics, methane, total bacteria, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella ruminicola, L. plantarum, Selenomonas ruminantium, and methanogens, while other treatments showed no difference. This study concludes that adding 3.48% dextrose, 0.3% lysine, and 0.3% methionine can reduce the pH of the medium. Xylan from palm fronds can be hydrolyzed into xylooligosaccharides by cellulase enzyme from Actinomycetes. Using 1% and 3% XOS, 1% and 3% tannin protected XOS singly, and their combination with probiotic L. plantarum and cellulase enzyme reduced methane gas production. Combining probiotics with feed additives proved to be more efficient in reducing methane.