Model Pengembangan Sapi Pedaging Sistem Pemeliharaan Intensif dan Semi-intensif di Kabupaten Muara Enim

Abstract

Kabupaten Muara Enim memiliki potensi strategis untuk pengembangan usaha sapi potong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan membandingkan potensi pengembangan sistem pemeliharaan semi-intensif dan intensif pada tiga aspek utama: karakteristik usaha, proyeksi populasi, serta kelayakan finansial. Penelitian menggunakan metode survei terhadap 60 responden peternak di Kecamatan Gelumbang (30 peternak semi-intensif dan 30 intensif). Data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif, proyeksi populasi 10 tahun dengan metode Cohort Component pada skenario eksisting (forced sell) dan pengembangan (capacity expansion), serta analisis kelayakan finansial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sistem semi-intensif berorientasi pada akumulasi aset dengan keunggulan reproduksi kawin alam (calving rate 69%), sedangkan sistem intensif berorientasi pada perputaran modal cepat (trading/fattening). Proyeksi populasi membuktikan bahwa skenario forced sell memicu stagnasi skala usaha pada kedua sistem. Sebaliknya, skenario ekspansi melalui disiplin reinvestasi arus kas dan skema kemitraan mampu memicu lonjakan populasi. Pada sistem semi-intensif, populasi melesat secara eksponensial hingga mencapai 167 ekor pada tahun ke-10, sedangkan sistem intensif tumbuh moderat mencapai 25 ekor. Secara finansial, skenario ekspansi pada sistem semi-intensif terbukti sangat layak dan paling menguntungkan secara jangka panjang dengan Net Present Value (NPV) Rp821.842.637, Net B/C 10,1, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 42,2%, dan Payback Period 4 tahun 2 bulan. Di sisi lain, sistem intensif skenario ekspansi mencatatkan Payback Period yang sedikit lebih cepat (3 tahun 9 bulan) namun dengan akumulasi kelayakan finansial yang jauh lebih rendah (NPV Rp223.727.721, Net B/C 3,9, IRR 31,0%). Keunggulan finansial jangka panjang sistem semi-intensif ini ditopang oleh efisiensi biaya operasional (pakan), ketiadaan Harga Pokok Penjualan (HPP) pengadaan ternak dari keberhasilan sistem pembiakan, serta kedisiplinan reinvestasi.

Muara Enim Regency holds strategic potential for beef cattle enterprise development. This study aims to analyze and compare the development potential of semi-intensive and intensive rearing systems across three main aspects: business characteristics, population projection, and financial feasibility. The research employed a survey method involving 60 farmers in Gelumbang District (30 semi intensive and 30 intensive farmers). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, 10-year population projections utilizing the Cohort Component method under existing (forced sell) and development (capacity expansion) scenarios, and financial feasibility analysis. The results showed that the semi-intensive system is oriented towards asset accumulation with the advantage of natural mating reproduction (calving rate 69%), whereas the intensive system is oriented towards rapid capital turnover (trading/fattening). Population projections proved that the forced sell scenario triggered business stagnation in both systems. Conversely, the capacity expansion scenario through a cash flow reinvestment discipline and partnership schemes could drive a population surge. In the semi-intensive system, the population surged exponentially to 167 heads by the 10th year, while the intensive system grew moderately to 25 heads. Financially, the expansion scenario in the semi-intensive system is highly feasible and most profitable in the long term, yielding a Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR 821.842.637, Net B/C of 10.1, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 42.2%, and a Payback Period of 4 years and 2 months. On the other hand, the intensive expansion system recorded a slightly faster Payback Period (3 years and 9 months) but with a significantly lower accumulated financial feasibility (NPV IDR 223.727.721, Net B/C 3.9, IRR 31.0%). The long-term financial superiority of the semi-intensive system is sustained by operational (feed) cost efficiency, the absence of Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) for cattle procurement due to the successful breeding strategy, and reinvestment discipline.