Desain Sistem Ketertelusuran Pada Agroindustri Kakao Dengan Menggunakan Blockchain

Abstract

Indonesia merupakan produsen kakao terbesar ketiga di dunia, namun agroindustri kakao nasional masih menghadapi permasalahan struktural berupa asimetri informasi, ketidaktransparanan harga, pemalsuan produk, dan lemahnya ketertelusuran komoditas. Tantangan ini semakin mendesak seiring diberlakukannya European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) yang mewajibkan pembuktian asal-usul kakao bebas deforestasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis rantai pasok kakao, mengidentifikasi kebutuhan sistem ketertelusuran, merancang sistem berbasis blockchain, dan mengevaluasi kinerjanya.

Pengumpulan data dilakukan di PT XYZ (Jakarta) dan Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat. Metode penelitian mencakup analisis situasional menggunakan kerangka Van der Vorst, identifikasi kebutuhan dengan Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE), pemodelan sistem menggunakan BPMN 2.0 dan diagram UML, serta pengembangan perangkat lunak dengan pendekatan Scrum Agile. Kinerja sistem diuji menggunakan Black Box Testing.

Hasil analisis mengidentifikasi dua pola rantai pasok: pola kemitraan terintegrasi (PT XYZ) dan pola tradisional desentralisasi (Garut), dengan tujuh entitas aktor inti. Sistem yang dirancang mengadopsi arsitektur berlapis yang mengintegrasikan antarmuka web berbasis Streamlit, middleware Python untuk validasi geospasial, dan jaringan blockchain berbasis Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) dengan tiga smart contract modular: RoleManager.sol, MasterData.sol, dan Traceability.sol. Pengujian Black Box Testing menghasilkan tingkat keberhasilan 100% dari 19 skenario uji, dengan validasi empiris terhadap tiga pilar blockchain: desentralisasi, transparansi, dan imutabilitas.

Penelitian ini menghasilkan prototipe proof-of-concept yang membuktikan bahwa teknologi blockchain mampu menggantikan peran verifikator pihak ketiga, menjawab persyaratan teknis EUDR, dan berpotensi mengurangi asimetri informasi serta memperkuat posisi tawar petani kakao Indonesia.

Indonesia is the world's third-largest cocoa producer, yet its cocoa agroindustry continues to face structural challenges including information asymmetry, price opacity, product adulteration, and inadequate commodity traceability. These issues have become increasingly urgent following the enforcement of the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which mandates verifiable proof that cocoa products entering the EU market are free from deforestation. This study aims to analyze the cocoa supply chain structure, identify traceability system requirements, design a blockchain-based traceability system, and evaluate its performance.

Data were collected from PT XYZ (Jakarta) as a global partner company and Garut Regency, West Java, as a representative of smallholder supply chain patterns. The research methodology consists of four phases: situational analysis using the Van der Vorst framework, requirements identification using Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE), system modeling using BPMN 2.0 and UML diagrams, and software development using the Scrum Agile approach. System performance was evaluated through Black Box Testing.

The situational analysis identified two predominant supply chain patterns: an integrated partnership model (PT XYZ) and a decentralized traditional model (Garut Regency), involving seven core actor entities. The designed system adopts a layered architecture integrating a Streamlit-based web interface, a Python middleware for off-chain geospatial validation, and an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)-based blockchain network, supported by three modular smart contracts: RoleManager.sol, MasterData.sol, and Traceability.sol. Black Box Testing yielded a 100% success rate across 19 test scenarios, with empirical validation of three fundamental blockchain pillars: decentralization, transparency, and immutability.

This study delivers a proof-of-concept prototype demonstrating that blockchain technology can replace the role of third-party verifiers, fulfill EUDR technical requirements, and has the potential to reduce information asymmetry while strengthening the bargaining position of Indonesian cocoa farmers.