Suplementasi Mineral Fe, Zn, dan Cr dalam Ransum Mengandung Minyak Ikan Lemuru terhadap Performa dan Kesehatan Ayam IPB-D1

Abstract

Ayam lokal adalah salah satu sumber protein hewani di Indonesia dengan permintaan konsumen yang meningkat setiap tahunnya. Salah satu ayam lokal yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia adalah ayam IPB-D1, namun, karena masa pemeliharaannya yang panjang dan biaya yang tinggi, perlu upaya untuk meningkatkan kinerja ayam IPB-D1 dengan rekayasa pakan melalui penggunaan minyak ikan lemuru (MIL) dan suplementasi mineral seperti besi (Fe), seng (Zn), dan kromiun (Cr). MIL kaya akan asam lemak omega-3 yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi metabolis, mendukung kesehatan, dan performa ayam. Suplementasi mineral Fe, Zn, dan Cr berperan dalam transportasi oksigen, fungsi enzim, sistem imunitas, dan peningkatan efisiensi pertumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi mineral Zn, Fe, dan Cr dalam ransum mengandung MIL terhadap performa, saluran pencernaan, organ dalam, profil darah, energi metabolis pakan, income over feed cost (IOFC) pada ayam IPB-D1. Sebanyak 160 ekor ayam IPB-D1 dipelihara selama 12 minggu dan dialokasikan secara acak menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan meliputi P0= ransum kontrol tanpa MIL dan tanpa suplementasi mineral Fe, Zn, dan Cr, P1= ransum mengandung 2,5% MIL tanpa suplementasi mineral mineral Fe, Zn, dan Cr, P2= ransum mengandung 2,5% MIL dan suplementasi mineral Fe 20 ppm, Zn 60 ppm, dan Cr 0,4 ppm, P3= ransum mengandung 2,5% MIL dan suplementasi mineral Fe 40 ppm, Zn 120 ppm, dan Cr 0,8 ppm. Data yang diperoleh diolah menggunakan Analysis of varience (ANOVA), dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan apabila hasil menunjukkan perbedaan nyata (p<0,05) menggunakan aplikasi IBM SPSS versi 25. Peubah yang diamati pada penelitian ini meliputi performa, bobot dan panjang relatif saluran pencernaan, bobot organ dalam, profil hematologi, serta energi metabolis pakan ayam IPB-D1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi 40 ppm Fe, 120 ppm Zn, dan 0,8 ppm Cr dalam pakan mengandung 2,5% minyak ikan lemuru (P3) signifikan (p<0,05) meningkatkan bobot badan, pertambahan bobot badan, dan persentase eosinofil, serta menurunkan panjang relatif duodenum. Suplementasi mineral (P2) dan pakan mengandung minyak ikan lemuru (P1) menurunkan nilai energi metabolis semu (EMS), energi metabolis semu terkoreksi nitrogen (EMSn), energi metabolis murni (EMM), dan energi metabolis murni terkoreksi nitrogen (EMMn). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah penggunaan suplementasi mineral dengan dosis tertinggi (P3) dalam ransum mengandung minyak ikan lemuru dapat meningkatkan kinerja fisiologis dan nilai ekonomi tanpa menimbulkan dampak negatif pada ayam IPB-D1.

Native chickens are an important source of animal protein in Indonesia, with consumer demand increasing annually. One of the local chickens that has the potential to be developed in Indonesia is the IPB-D1 chicken, however, due to its long maintenance period and high costs, efforts are needed to improve the performance of the IPB-D1 chicken by means of feed engineering through the use of lemuru fish oil and minerals supplementation such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and chromium (Cr). Lemuru fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which can improve metabolic efficiency, support health status, and enhance poultry performance. Supplementation of Fe, Zn, and Cr plays important roles in oxygen transport, enzymatic functions, immune responses, and growth efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Fe, Zn, and Cr supplementation in LFO-containing diets on performance, digestive tract characteristics, internal organs, hematological profiles, dietary metabolizable energy, and income over feed cost (IOFC) of IPBD1 chickens. A total of 160 IPB-D1 chickens were reared for 12 weeks and randomly allocated using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of P0: control diet without lemuru fish oil and Fe, Zn, and Cr supplementation; P1: diet containing 2,5% lemuru fish oil without Fe, Zn, and Cr supplementation; P2: diet containing 2.5% lemuru fish oil with 20 ppm Fe, 60 ppm Zn, and 0.4 ppm Cr; and P3: diet containing 2.5% lemuru fish oil with 40 ppm Fe, 120 ppm Zn, and 0.8 ppm Cr. The obtained data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) when significant differences were detected (p<0.05) using IBM SPSS version 25. The observed variables included performance parameters, relative weight and length of the digestive tract, internal organ weights, hematological profiles, and metabolizable energy values of IPB-D1 chicken diets. The results showed that supplementation of 40 ppm Fe, 120 ppm Zn, and 0.8 ppm Cr in diet containing 2.5% lemuru fish oil (P3) significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight, body weight gain, and eosinophil percentage, while reducing the relative length of the duodenum. Minerals supplementation in diet containing 2.5% lemuru fish oil (P2) and diets containing 2.5% lemuru fish oil (P1) decreased apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TME), and true metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen (TMEn). In conclusion, supplementation with the highest levels of Fe, Zn, and Cr (P3) in lemuru fish oil-containing diets improved physiological performance and economic value without causing adverse effects in IPB-D1 chickens.