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      Systematic review dan Meta-Analysis Aktivitas Antibakteri Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) terhadap Bakteri Patogen

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Matahari, Arfa Reza
      Lioe, Hanifah Nuryani
      Giriwono, Puspo Edi
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      Abstract
      Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) semakin dikenal sebagai salah satu sumber antibakteri alami yang potensial, meskipun hasil penelitian mengenai aktivitas antibakterinya masih menunjukkan variasi. Variasi tersebut perlu dikaji secara komprehensif untuk memperoleh bukti yang lebih kuat mengenai potensi E. elatior sebagai antibakteri alami yang dapat mendukung pengembangan aplikasi pangan. Perbedaan bagian tanaman, klasifikasi bakteri, bentuk sediaan ekstrak, dan jenis pelarut ekstraksi diduga memengaruhi efektivitas antibakteri sehingga diperlukan evaluasi secara komprehensif untuk memperoleh kesimpulan yang lebih kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi aktivitas antibakteri E. elatior secara sistematis serta mengkaji pengaruh bagian tanaman, klasifikasi bakteri, bentuk sediaan ekstrak, dan jenis pelarut ekstraksi melalui pendekatan systematic review dan meta-analysis. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan pada basis data PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, dan Taylor & Francis mengikuti pedoman PRISMA 2020. Sebanyak 14 studi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, terdiri atas 56 laporan penelitian, diikutsertakan dalam analisis. Meta-analysis dilakukan menggunakan model random-effects dengan ukuran efek berupa standardized mean difference (SMD) beserta 95% confidence interval (CI). Hasil systematic review menunjukkan bahwa diameter zona hambat terhadap bakteri Gram positif berkisar antara 0,25–81,30 mm dengan nilai minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) terendah sebesar 0,04 mg/mL terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Nilai diameter zona hambat sebesar 81,30 mm merupakan nilai ekstrem yang perlu diinterpretasikan secara hati-hati karena diameter zona hambat tidak hanya dipengaruhi aktivitas antibakteri, tetapi juga kemampuan senyawa berdifusi dalam media dan kondisi pengujian. Pada bakteri Gram negatif, diameter zona hambat berkisar antara 1,25–24,00 mm dengan nilai MIC terendah sebesar 0,05 mg/mL terhadap Salmonella Typhimurium. Hasil meta-analysis menunjukkan bahwa E. elatior memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang signifikan (SMD = 0,62; 95% CI: 0,39–0,85; p < 0,00001). Meskipun ekstrak bunga menghasilkan ukuran efek gabungan (pooled Effect size) terbesar, analisis subgrup berdasarkan bagian tanaman, klasifikasi bakteri, bentuk sediaan ekstrak, dan jenis pelarut ekstraksi menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan antar subgrup tidak signifikan (p > 0,05). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa E. elatior berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai sumber antibakteri alami untuk mendukung pengembangan bahan antimikroba pada aplikasi pangan. Meskipun faktor-faktor yang dianalisis belum menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik, kecenderungan aktivitas antibakteri yang lebih tinggi pada ekstrak bunga memberikan dasar ilmiah bagi penelitian dan pengembangan lebih lanjut, khususnya dalam pemilihan bagian tanaman dan formulasi ekstrak yang sesuai untuk aplikasi pangan.
       
      Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) is increasingly recognized as a potential source of natural antibacterial agents, although previous studies have reported varying antibacterial activities. These variations need to be comprehensively evaluated to obtain stronger evidence regarding the potential of E. elatior as a natural antibacterial agent that can support the development of food applications. Differences in plant parts, bacterial classification, extract preparation, and extraction solvents are presumed to influence antibacterial effectiveness; therefore, a comprehensive evaluation is needed to obtain more robust conclusions. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the antibacterial activity of E. elatior and assess the effects of plant parts, bacterial classification, extract preparation, and extraction solvents using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, and Taylor & Francis databases following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A total of 14 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, comprising 56 study reports, were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model with the standardized mean difference (SMD) as the effect measure and 95% confidence interval (CI). The systematic review showed that inhibition zone diameters against Gram-positive bacteria ranged from 0.25 to 81.30 mm, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.04 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone diameter of 81.30 mm represents an extreme value that should be interpreted cautiously because inhibition zone diameter is influenced not only by antibacterial activity but also by the diffusion capacity of compounds in the medium and the test conditions. Against Gram-negative bacteria, inhibition zone diameters ranged from 1.25 to 24.00 mm, with the lowest MIC of 0.05 mg/mL against Salmonella Typhimurium. The meta-analysis showed that E. elatior exhibited significant antibacterial activity (SMD = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39–0.85; p < 0.00001). Although flower extracts produced the largest pooled effect size, subgroup analyses based on plant parts, bacterial classification, extract preparation, and extraction solvents showed no significant differences among subgroups (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates that E. elatior has potential as a source of natural antibacterial agents to support the development of antimicrobial ingredients for food applications. Although the analyzed factors did not show statistically significant differences, the tendency toward higher antibacterial activity in flower extracts provides a scientific basis for further research and development, particularly in selecting appropriate plant parts and extract formulations for food applications.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/178998
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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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