Dampak Praktik Kesejahteraan Hewan terhadap Nilai Tambah dan Pendapatan Peternakan: Tinjauan Sistematik Literatur

Abstract

Penerapan kesejahteraan hewan (animal welfare) semakin mendapat perhatian karena selain berkaitan dengan aspek etika, juga dikaitkan dengan nilai tambah dan kinerja ekonomi usaha peternakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bentuk-bentuk penerapan kesejahteraan hewan serta dampaknya terhadap nilai tambah dan pendapatan peternak berdasarkan literatur ilmiah. Penelitian menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Data diperoleh dari basis data Scopus dan disintesis secara naratif terhadap 28 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik kesejahteraan hewan dikelompokkan ke dalam enam kategori utama, yaitu manajemen lingkungan dan fasilitas, manajemen pakan dan air, manajemen kesehatan dan biosekuriti, manajemen perilaku dan sistem pemeliharaan, penerapan teknologi dan perbaikan genetik, serta transportasi dan penanganan ternak. Praktik tersebut dikaitkan dengan peningkatan kualitas produk, peluang akses ke pasar premium, produktivitas, efisiensi, serta penurunan risiko kerugian, meskipun beberapa penelitian juga melaporkan peningkatan biaya implementasi sehingga dampaknya terhadap pendapatan tidak selalu seragam. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa penerapan kesejahteraan hewan berpotensi mendukung penciptaan nilai tambah dan pengembangan usaha peternakan yang berkelanjutan.

Animal welfare has received increasing attention because it is associated not only with ethical considerations but also with value creation and the economic performance of livestock farming. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of animal welfare practices and their impacts on value added and farm income based on the scientific literature. The study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data were collected from the Scopus database and narratively synthesized from 28 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The findings show that animal welfare practices can be classified into six main categories: environmental and facility management, feed and water management, health management and biosecurity, behavioral management and production systems, technology adoption and genetic improvement, and livestock transportation and handling. These practices were associated with improved product quality, access to premium markets, productivity, production efficiency, and reduced production losses, although several studies also reported higher implementation costs, resulting in inconsistent effects on farm income. Overall, the findings indicate that animal welfare practices have the potential to support value creation and the sustainable development of livestock farming.