Pengaruh Aspek Ekonomi, Teknologi, dan Ketenagakerjaan terhadap Tingkat Pengangguran di Negara OKI

Abstract

Negara anggota Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam (OKI) menghadapi tingkat pengangguran yang tidak proporsional meskipun hanya mencakup 24 persen penduduk dunia, dengan kontribusi sebesar 22,6 persen dari total pengangguran global. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh aspek ekonomi, teknologi, dan ketenagakerjaan terhadap tingkat pengangguran di 19 negara OKI periode 2006–2023 menggunakan data panel seimbang dengan 342 observasi dan Fixed Effects Model (FEM) dengan koreksi White Cross-Section. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan PDB berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan, konsisten dengan Hukum Okun, namun terbatas akibat fenomena jobless growth. Pembentukan Modal Tetap Bruto, pengeluaran penelitian dan pengembangan, serta proporsi pekerja upahan dan bergaji seluruhnya berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan, dengan koefisien terbesar tercatat pada pengeluaran penelitian dan pengembangan. Model mampu menjelaskan 88,99 persen variasi tingkat pengangguran (R²=0,8899). Kebijakan pengentasan pengangguran di negara OKI perlu diarahkan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi padat karya, peningkatan alokasi investasi fisik dan inovasi menuju standar global, serta akselerasi formalisasi pasar tenaga kerja.

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member countries bore a disproportionate share of global unemployment, contributing 22.6 percent of the global total despite comprising only 24 percent of the world's population. This study analyzed the effects of economic, technological, and labor market aspects on unemployment across 19 OIC member countries over the period 2006–2023 using balanced panel data with 342 observations and the Fixed Effects Model (FEM) with White Cross-Section correction. Results indicated that GDP growth had a negative and significant effect on unemployment, consistent with Okun's Law, though limited by the jobless growth phenomenon. Gross Fixed Capital Formation, research and development expenditure, and the proportion of formal workers all showed negative and significant effects, with the largest coefficient recorded for research and development expenditure. The model explained 88.99 percent of the variation in unemployment rates (R²=0.8899). Unemployment reduction policies in OIC countries should be directed toward labor-intensive economic growth, increased allocation of physical investment and innovation toward global standards, and acceleration of labor market formalization.