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      Pengembangan Model Bioekonomi Sirkular pada Ekosistem Produksi Biomassa Kerakyatan

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Fitria, Rista
      Jahroh, Siti
      Rusli, Meika Syahbana
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      Abstract
      Indonesia memiliki potensi biomassa sekitar 146,7 juta ton per tahun dengan potensi energi setara 56,97 GW, sehingga berpeluang menjadi sumber energi terbarukan yang strategis untuk mendukung ketahanan energi dan pencapaian target penurunan emisi. Namun, hingga tahun 2024 bauran energi baru terbarukan (EBT) baru mencapai 14,1%, masih di bawah target 23% pada tahun 2025, sementara kontribusi biomassa terhadap pasokan energi nasional masih rendah akibat keterbatasan rantai pasok, lemahnya kelembagaan, belum berkembangnya kebijakan insentif, dan rendahnya nilai tambah di tingkat masyarakat. Salah satu upaya transisi energi yang telah diterapkan adalah teknologi co-firing pada PLTU melalui substitusi sebagian batu bara dengan biomassa. Untuk mengatasi berbagai tantangan tersebut, diperlukan pendekatan bioekonomi sirkular yang mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan biomassa melalui efisiensi sumber daya, minimisasi limbah, dan peningkatan nilai tambah. Pendekatan ini menempatkan masyarakat sebagai pelaku utama dalam budidaya, pengolahan, dan pemanfaatan biomassa sehingga mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat, memperkuat ketahanan energi lokal, dan memberikan manfaat lingkungan secara berkelanjutan. Studi ini menganalisis daya saing biomassa sebagai sumber bioenergi di Indonesia dibandingkan dengan beberapa negara sebanding, mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi keberhasilan ekosistem produksi biomassa berbasis komunitas, dan mengembangkan model bioekonomi biomassa yang sesuai untuk sistem produksi biomassa berbasis komunitas. Model bioekonomi dievaluasi menggunakan pendekatan triple bottom line (ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan) untuk mengidentifikasi model yang paling berkelanjutan. Manfaat sosial dinilai melalui penciptaan lapangan kerja dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat, manfaat ekonomi dievaluasi menggunakan pendekatan nilai ekonomi total, dan manfaat lingkungan diukur melalui potensi penyerapan karbon. Indikator dari setiap dimensi dinormalisasi menggunakan metode Min–Max dan diagregasikan menjadi indeks komposit untuk mengidentifikasi model bioekonomi yang paling berkelanjutan. Jumlah responden pada penelitian ini sebanyak 7 orang yang terdiri dari kementerian, badan usaha milik negara, pemerintah desa, universitas dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan sejak Mei 2025 sampai Mei 2026. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif yang kuat dalam hal ketersediaan biomassa dan keragaman bahan baku. Potensi biomassa yang dimiliki Indonesia sebesar 301 juta ton dengan dominasi biomassa berasal dari limbah kelapa sawit, limbah padi dan limbah kehutanan. Besarnya potensi ini belum sepenuhnya dimanfaatkan secara optimal sehingga menyebabkan kontribusi biomassa terhadap total pasokan energi masih relatif rendah dan dukungan kebijakan serta mekanisme insentif kurang berkembang dibandingkan dengan negara pembanding lainnya yaitu Thailand dan India. Keberhasilan pengembangan ekosistem biomassa berbasis masyarakat terutama dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan insentif, ketersediaan bahan baku yang berkelanjutan, dinamika pasar, keterlibatan masyarakat, dan tata kelola kelembagaan yang efektif. Hasil wawancara dengan berbagai narasumber menunjukkan pada tingkat pembuat kebijakan dan industri secara umum menunjukkan kebijakan insentif dan ketersediaan bahan baku yang berkelanjutan merupakan faktor utama. Sedangkan bagi pemilik biomassa dinamika pasar merupakan faktor kunci dari berjalannya suatu ekosistem. Dalam implementasinya, tata kelola biomassa juga membutuhkan model kolaborasi lintas pemangku kepentingan atau pendekatan pentahelix yang melibatkan pemerintah pusat, BUMN energi, akademisi, swasta, lembaga pendamping, dan masyarakat desa Berdasarkan agregasi manfaat ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan, model bioekonomi sirkular yang mengintegrasikan tanaman energi, tanaman pangan, dan ternak muncul sebagai model yang paling berkelanjutan. Model bioekonomi sirkular yang diusulkan dirancang untuk memperkuat sistem penyediaan biomassa secara berkelanjutan melalui budidaya tanaman energi secara tumpang sari, penguatan peran kelembagaan serta peningkatan nilai tambah produk yang dihasilkan. Integrasi ini menghasilkan nilai ekonomi tertinggi, meningkatkan penyerapan karbon, memperluas kesempatan kerja, dan mengurangi ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap satu sumber pendapatan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa integrasi biomassa, pangan, dan peternakan dalam kerangka bioekonomi sirkular dapat menjadi strategi transisi energi yang tidak hanya mendukung dekarbonisasi, tetapi juga memperkuat pembangunan ekonomi pedesaan yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini membawa implikasi bahwa pengembangan biomassa sebagai sumber bioenergi perlu dilakukan melalui pendekatan bioekonomi sirkular yang tidak hanya berorientasi pada peningkatan pasokan biomassa, tetapi juga pada pembentukan ekosistem yang mampu menciptakan nilai tambah secara berkelanjutan. Model yang dikembangkan dapat menjadi acuan bagi pemerintah, pelaku usaha, dan masyarakat dalam merancang strategi pengelolaan biomassa berbasis masyarakat melalui penguatan kelembagaan, pengembangan model bisnis, integrasi rantai nilai, dan kebijakan insentif yang mendukung terciptanya sistem biomassa yang berdaya saing, berkelanjutan, dan adaptif terhadap kebutuhan transisi energi nasional.
       
      Indonesia had an estimated biomass potential of approximately 146.7 million tons per year, with an energy potential equivalent to 56.97 GW, making biomass a strategic renewable energy source for supporting energy security and achieving greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. However, by 2024, the share of new and renewable energy in the national energy mix had reached only 14.1%, remaining below the 23% target for 2025. Meanwhile, the contribution of biomass to the national energy supply remained relatively low due to supply chain constraints, weak institutional arrangements, underdeveloped incentive policies, and limited value creation at the community level. One of the energy transition initiatives that had been implemented was biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants through the partial substitution of coal with biomass. To address these challenges, a circular bioeconomy approach was required to optimize biomass utilization through resource efficiency, waste minimization, and value-added enhancement. This approach positioned local communities as the primary actors in biomass cultivation, processing, and utilization, thereby improving community welfare, strengthening local energy security, and generating sustainable environmental benefits. This study analyzed the competitiveness of biomass as a bioenergy source in Indonesia compared with selected peer countries, identified the factors influencing the success of community-based biomass production ecosystems, and developed an appropriate biomass bioeconomy model for community-based production systems. The bioeconomy models were evaluated using the Triple Bottom Line approach, encompassing economic, social, and environmental dimensions, to identify the most sustainable model. Social benefits were assessed through employment generation and improvements in community welfare, economic benefits were evaluated using the Total Economic Value approach, and environmental benefits were measured based on carbon sequestration potential. Indicators from each dimension were normalized using the Min–Max method and aggregated into a composite index to determine the most sustainable bioeconomy model. The study involved seven respondents representing government ministries, state-owned enterprises, village governments, universities, and local communities. The research was conducted from May 2025 to May 2026. The results showed that Indonesia possessed a strong comparative advantage in terms of biomass availability and feedstock diversity. Indonesia's biomass potential was estimated at 301 million tons, predominantly derived from oil palm residues, rice residues, and forestry residues. However, this substantial potential had not been fully utilized, resulting in the relatively low contribution of biomass to the national energy supply. Furthermore, policy support and incentive mechanisms remained less developed than those in the comparison countries, namely Thailand and India. The successful development of community-based biomass ecosystems was primarily influenced by incentive policies, sustainable feedstock availability, market dynamics, community participation, and effective institutional governance. Interviews with various stakeholders indicated that policymakers and industry representatives generally considered incentive policies and sustainable feedstock availability to be the most influential factors. In contrast, biomass producers considered market dynamics to be the key factor determining the sustainability of the ecosystem. In practice, biomass governance also required a collaborative multi-stakeholder model, or the Pentahelix approach, involving the central government, state-owned energy enterprises, academic institutions, the private sector, facilitating organizations, and local communities. Based on the aggregated economic, social, and environmental benefits, the circular bioeconomy model integrating energy crops, food crops, and livestock emerged as the most sustainable alternative. The proposed circular bioeconomy model was designed to strengthen the sustainable biomass supply system through intercropping-based energy crop cultivation, strengthened institutional roles, and increased value addition of biomass-derived products. This integrated model generated the highest economic value, enhanced carbon sequestration, expanded employment opportunities, and reduced community dependence on a single source of income. These findings indicated that integrating biomass, food crops, and livestock within a circular bioeconomy framework could serve as an effective energy transition strategy that not only supported decarbonization but also promoted inclusive and sustainable rural economic development. This study provided implications for the development of biomass as a bioenergy source by demonstrating that biomass development should be pursued through a circular bioeconomy approach that was not solely oriented toward increasing biomass supply, but also toward establishing an ecosystem capable of creating sustainable value. The proposed model could serve as a reference for policymakers, business actors, and local communities in designing community-based biomass management strategies through strengthened institutional arrangements, business model development, integrated value chains, and supportive incentive policies to foster a competitive, sustainable, and resilient biomass system capable of meeting the demands of the national energy transition.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/177925
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