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      Pirolisis Gambut Terdegradasi dengan Variasi Kedalaman dan Suhu terhadap Karakterisasi Biohar dan Komposisi Bio-oil

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      LESTARI, RESI
      Farobie, Obie
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      Abstract
      Lahan gambut merupakan salah satu reservoir karbon terbesar di dunia, namun degradasi akibat drainase dan konversi lahan telah menyebabkan emisi karbon dan hilangnya fungsi ekologisnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh kedalaman gambut (0 dan 1 m) dan suhu pirolisis (400, 500, dan 600 °C) terhadap kualitas biochar dan komposisi bio-oil dari gambut tidak produktif Kalimantan Selatan. Sampel gambut dikeringkan, diayak hingga lolos 60 mesh, kemudian dipirolisis menggunakan reaktor batch selama 60 menit di bawah aliran nitrogen. Produk dianalisis menggunakan analisis proksimat, FTIR, SEM, BET, dan GC-MS. Bahan baku gambut dicirikan oleh kadar abu yang sangat tinggi (64,8–66%), yang merupakan indikasi akumulasi mineral anorganik akibat degradasi lanjut. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa suhu pirolisis dan kedalaman gambut berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen biochar (p < 0,05). Peningkatan suhu dari 400 ke 600 °C menurunkan volatile matter (7,4–16,4%) dan meningkatkan luas permukaan BET (16,87–30,35 m²/g), sementara fixed carbon biochar baru meningkat tajam pada 600 °C (10,4–10,5%) setelah relatif rendah (3,7–6%) pada 400–500 °C. Gambut kedalaman 1 m secara konsisten menghasilkan biochar dengan luas permukaan BET lebih tinggi dibandingkan gambut permukaan, yang berkaitan dengan tingkat humifikasi lebih lanjut pada lapisan yang lebih dalam. Analisis FTIR mengkonfirmasi aromatisasi struktur karbon pada suhu tinggi, sementara GC-MS mengidentifikasi fenol sebagai senyawa dominan bio-oil (12–37%) yang bersumber dari dekomposisi lignin. Suhu pirolisis 600 °C dengan gambut kedalaman 1 m menghasilkan biochar terbaik untuk aplikasi adsorben, didukung oleh luas permukaan tertinggi (30,35 m²/g) dan struktur yang lebih teraromatisasi. Sementara itu, biochar yang diproduksi pada suhu 400 °C dinilai lebih sesuai untuk aplikasi amelioran tanah gambut terdegradasi, karena masih mempertahankan gugus fungsional reaktif yang mendukung kapasitas tukar kation lebih tinggi serta kandungan abu tinggi yang berpotensi memberikan efek liming alami untuk meningkatkan pH tanah masam. Tingginya kadar abu (~80%) pada seluruh perlakuan tetap menjadi faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam pemanfaatannya.
       
      Peatlands are among the world's largest carbon reservoirs; however, degradation from drainage and land conversion has caused significant carbon emissions and loss of ecological function. This study evaluated the effects of peat depth (0 and 1 m) and pyrolysis temperature (400, 500, and 600 °C) on biochar quality and bio-oil composition from non-productive peat of South Kalimantan. The peat samples were dried, sieved to 60 mesh, and pyrolyzed in a batch reactor for 60 min under nitrogen flow. The products were characterized using proximate analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, BET, and GC MS. The raw peat feedstock was characterized by very high ash content (64.8–66%), indicative of significant inorganik mineral accumulation from advanced degradation. The results showed that both pyrolysis temperature and peat depth significantly affected biochar yield (p < 0.05). Increasing temperature from 400 to 600 °C reduced volatile matter (7.4–16.4%) and increased BET surface area (16.87–30.35 m²/g), whereas biochar fixed carbon remained low at 400–500 °C (3.7–6%) and rose sharply only at 600 °C (10.4–10.5%). Biohar from 1 m depth consistently exhibited a higher BET surface area than surface samples, attributable to the greater humification of deeper peat layers. FTIR analysis confirmed carbon aromatization at higher temperatures, whereas GC-MS identified phenol as the dominant bio-oil compound (12–37%), derived from lignin decomposition. A pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C combined with 1 m depth peat produced the best biochar for adsorbent applications, supported by the highest surface area (30.35 m²/g) and a more aromatized structure. In contrast, biochar produced at 400 °C was more suitable for soil amendment of degraded peatlands, as it retained reactive functional groups (C–O–C, C=O) that support higher cation exchange capacity, and its high ash content has the potential to provide a natural liming effect to raise the pH of acidic soils. The high ash content (~80%) across all treatments remains a factor to consider in practical utilization.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/175696
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      • UF - Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering [3634]

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