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      Model Risiko Kesehatan dari PM2.5 Berbasis Aerosol Optical Depth dengan Menggunakan Pendekatan Deep Learning

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Hidayat, Ilham Rizki
      Sitanggang, Imas Sukaesih
      Rahmawan, Hendra
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      Abstract
      Paparan Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) di wilayah metropolitan seperti Provinsi DKI Jakarta memicu lonjakan kasus Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA), namun upaya mitigasi seringkali terkendala oleh terbatasnya jangkauan spasial stasiun pemantau kualitas udara darat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model prediksi PM2.5 spasial berbasis penginderaan jauh, memetakan Indeks Risiko Paparan Relatif (RER), dan memvalidasi keandalan model risiko tersebut menggunakan rekam medis pasien di dunia nyata. Pemodelan komputasi dieksekusi dengan membandingkan performa algoritma Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) dan Bidirectional Long ShortTerm Memory (Bi-LSTM). Model dilatih menggunakan variabel prediktor berupa Aerosol Optical Depth dari satelit MODIS serta parameter meteorologi dari dataset ERA5, dengan variabel target yang difilter ketat dari tiga stasiun pemantau dengan integritas data tertinggi selama periode tahun 2024. Prediksi PM2.5 spasial dari model terbaik kemudian diintegrasikan dengan data kepadatan penduduk beresolusi tinggi untuk mengalkulasi indeks kerentanan wilayah tingkat kecamatan, yang selanjutnya diuji korelasinya terhadap data insiden ISPA menggunakan metode korelasi Pearson. Hasil evaluasi komputasi membuktikan bahwa arsitektur Bi-LSTM secara signifikan mengungguli XGBoost dalam memprediksi konsentrasi polutan, dengan pencapaian tingkat Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) terbaik sebesar 12,94% di wilayah Kebon Jeruk. Kemampuan Bi-LSTM dalam memproses memori sekuensial dua arah terbukti sangat efektif untuk menangkap dinamika cuaca historis. Transformasi peta hasil prediksi menjadi Indeks RER berhasil mengidentifikasi zona merah kerentanan spasial (nilai RER > 1) yang secara signifikan terpusat di kawasan padat penduduk seperti Kecamatan Cakung, Kalideres, dan Cengkareng. Sebagai kebaruan utama penelitian, validasi epidemiologi secara empiris mengonfirmasi adanya korelasi positif yang signifikan antara nilai RER komputasi dengan jumlah pasien ISPA aktual di lapangan, di mana kekuatan korelasi tertinggi tercatat memuncak pada fase transisi musim Pancaroba, yaitu Periode SON (r = +0,483) dan MAM (r = +0,479). Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa sistem tata ruang komputasi yang dikembangkan menunjukkan tingkat validitas yang memadai, sehingga berpotensi untuk dijadikan landasan bagi pemerintah daerah sebagai purwarupa sistem peringatan dini untuk memprioritaskan alokasi sumber daya medis secara presisi pada wilayah dengan beban polusi tertinggi.
       
      Exposure to Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in metropolitan areas such as the Special Capital Region of Jakarta triggers a surge in cases of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), yet mitigation efforts are often hampered by the limited spatial coverage of ground-based air quality monitoring stations. This study aims to develop a spatial PM2.5 prediction model based on remote sensing, map the Relative Exposure Risk Index (RER), and validate the reliability of this risk model using real-world patient medical records. Computational modelling was carried out by comparing the performance of the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) algorithms. The model was trained using predictor variables comprising Aerosol Optical Depth from the MODIS satellite and meteorological parameters from the ERA5 dataset, with target variables rigorously filtered from three monitoring stations with the highest data integrity during the 2024 period. Spatial PM2.5 predictions from the best model were then integrated with high-resolution population density data to calculate sub-district-level vulnerability indices, which were subsequently tested for correlation with ARI incidence data using the Pearson correlation method. The results of the computational evaluation demonstrate that the Bi-LSTM architecture significantly outperforms XGBoost in predicting pollutant concentrations, achieving the best Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 12.94% in the Kebon Jeruk area. The Bi-LSTM’s ability to process bidirectional sequential memory proved highly effective in capturing historical weather dynamics. The transformation of the prediction map into a RER Index successfully identified red zones of spatial vulnerability (RER values > 1), which were extremely concentrated in densely populated areas such as the sub-districts of Cakung, Kalideres, and Cengkareng. As the primary innovation of this research, empirical epidemiological validation confirmed a significant positive correlation between computed RER values and the actual number of ARI patients in the field, with the strongest correlation recorded during the transitional phase of the changing seasons, namely the SON period (r = +0,483) and the MAM period (r = +0,479). These findings confirm that the computational spatial system developed has been proven to be factually valid, and is therefore ready for implementation by local governments as a prototype early warning system to prioritise the precise allocation of medical resources in areas with the highest pollution burden.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/175200
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      • MF - School of Data Science, Mathematic and Informatics [106]

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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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