Studi Pustaka: Tetraploidisasi pada ikan air tawar melalui perlakuan fisik

Abstract

Tetraploidisasi merupakan teknik manipulasi kromosom yang berpotensi mendukung produktivitas akuakultur, terutama melalui produksi keturunan triploid steril. Kajian pustaka ini bertujuan menganalisis perkembangan penelitian, metode induksi, tingkat keberhasilan, dan respons biologis ikan tetraploid hasil perlakuan fisik. Sebanyak 13 literatur utama terbitan 2019–2025 dikumpulkan, diseleksi, dan dianalisis berdasarkan relevansinya terhadap induksi tetraploid pada ikan air tawar. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kejut suhu panas dan kejut suhu dingin merupakan teknik yang paling banyak digunakan. Kejut suhu panas mampu menghasilkan persentase tetraploid tinggi, tetapi intensitas perlakuan yang meningkat dapat menurunkan viabilitas dan meningkatkan abnormalitas larva. Kejut suhu dingin juga menghasilkan keberhasilan relatif tinggi dan pada beberapa penelitian menunjukkan viabilitas lebih baik. Kejut listrik berpotensi sebagai teknik alternatif, sedangkan bukti tekanan hidrostatik masih terbatas. Keberhasilan induksi dipengaruhi oleh ketepatan waktu perlakuan terhadap first cleavage interval (FCI), intensitas perlakuan, durasi paparan, dan respons spesifik spesies. Bukti pada ikan baung menunjukkan individu tetraploid dapat bertahan hingga dewasa, tumbuh baik, tetap fertil, dan menghasilkan keturunan triploid. Penelitian lanjutan perlu mengevaluasi perbandingan teknik, stabilitas ploidi, kualitas gamet, dan performa keturunan triploid.

Tetraploidization is a chromosome manipulation technique with potential to support aquaculture productivity, particularly through the production of sterile triploid offspring. This literature review aimed to analyze research development, induction methods, success rates, and biological responses of tetraploid fish produced by physical treatments. A total of 13 primary literature sources published from 2019 to 2025 were collected, selected, and analyzed based on their relevance to tetraploid induction in freshwater fish. The results showed that heat shock and cold shock were the most widely applied techniques. Heat shock could produce high percentages of tetraploid individuals; however, increased treatment intensity may reduce viability and increase larval abnormalities. Cold shock also showed relatively high success rates and, in several studies, better viability. Electric shock showed potential as an alternative technique, whereas evidence regarding hydrostatic pressure remained limited. Induction success was influenced by precise treatment timing in relation to the first cleavage interval (FCI), treatment intensity, exposure duration, and species-specific responses. Evidence from Asian redtail catfish showed that tetraploid individuals could survive to adulthood, exhibit good growth, remain fertile, and produce triploid offspring. Further studies are needed to evaluate technique comparison, ploidy stability, gamete quality, and triploid offspring performance.