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      Biokinetic Modelling and Operational Scenario Analysis of Integrated Hybrid Biological Reactors for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Baldan, Rizky Mursyidan
      Kurniawan, Allen
      Arif, Chusnul
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      Abstract
      Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a high-strength wastewater with soluble organic matter, suspended solids, and oil and grease concentrations that frequently exceed regulatory discharge limits in Indonesia, while conventional open-ponding requires long retention times and large land areas. This thesis evaluates an integrated train combining an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, empty fruit bunch (EFB) filtration/adsorption, and a rotating biological contactor (RBC) for POME treatment, supported by biokinetic modelling. A laboratory-scale system (UASB 41 L; EFB filter 5 L; RBC 18 L with Kaldnes K1 Plus media at 2.5 rpm) was operated under six coupled hydraulic retention time (HRT) variations (UASB 2, 4, 6 d paired with RBC 10–60 h). The integrated treatment system achieved average removal efficiencies of 58.71% for COD, 89.10% for BOD, 81.00% for TN, 97.52% for oil and grease (OG), and 49.58% for total suspended solids (TSS). COD polishing was moderate and condition-dependent; the best observed case (UASB 4 d and RBC 30 h) reached 73.6% sCOD removal and a minimum effluent of 780 mg L-1. In contrast, TSS was the most unstable parameter because the RBC operated without a secondary clarifier, causing solids leakage and spikes up to 16,500 mg L-1. Model validation showed moderate-to-good agreement for the UASB unit, with R² = 0.703 and RMSE = 383.83 mg L-1, while the filtration unit showed lower predictive performance with R² = 0.469 and RMSE = 614.71 mg L-1. For the RBC unit, the selected mechanistic formulation, Model 6, also showed comparable performance with R² = 0.696 and RMSE = 751.31 mg L-1. Overall, the UASB–Filtration–RBC configuration was highly effective for OG removal and provided partial COD reduction, but reliable solids separation and additional polishing are still required to stabilize TSS and improve final effluent quality
       
      Limbah cair kelapa sawit (LCKS) adalah air limbah berkonsentrasi tinggi, dengan kandungan bahan organik terlarut, padatan tersuspensi, serta konsentrasi minyak dan lemak yang seringkali melebihi baku mutu air buangan di Indonesia, sementara metode kolam terbuka yang konvensional memerlukan waktu tinggal yang lama dan lahan yang luas. Tesis ini mengevaluasi rangkaian pengolahan terintegrasi yang menggabungkan reaktor upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), filtrasi/adsorpsi menggunakan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS), serta rotating biological contactor (RBC) untuk pengolahan POME, yang didukung oleh pemodelan kinetika. Sebuah reaktor berskala laboratorium (UASB 41 L; EFB filter 5 L; RBC 18 L dengan media Kaldnes K1 Plus pada 2.5 rpm) Dioperasikan dengan enam variasi hydraulic retention time (HRT) yang saling dipasangkan (UASB 2, 4, 6 hari dipasangkan dengan RBC 10–60 jam). Sistem pengolahan terintegrasi mencapai efisiensi penyisihan rata-rata 58,71% untuk COD, 89,10% BOD, 81,00% TN, 97,52% minyak lemak (OG), dan 49,58% untuk TSS. RBC sebagai pengolahan lanjutan COD tergolong sedang dan bergantung pada kondisi operasi; kinerja terbaik yang teramati (UASB 4 hari dan RBC 30 jam) mencapai penyisihan sCOD sebesar 73,6% dengan konsentrasi efluen minimum 780 mg L-1. Sebaliknya, TSS merupakan parameter yang paling tidak stabil karena RBC dioperasikan tanpa pengolahan padatan lanjutan, sehingga terjadi peningkatan padatan hingga 16.500 mg L-1. Validasi model menunjukkan kesesuaian yang moderat hingga baik pada unit UASB, dengan R² = 0,703 dan RMSE = 383,83 mg L-1. Pada unit RBC, Model 6 sebagai formulasi mekanistik terpilih juga menunjukkan kinerja yang sebanding, dengan R² = 0,696 dan RMSE = 751,31 mg L-1. Secara keseluruhan, konfigurasi UASB–Filtrasi–RBC efektif untuk penyisihan minyak dan lemak dan mampu memberikan penurunan COD secara parsial. Namun, pemisahan padatan yang lebih andal serta tahap pengolahan lanjutan masih diperlukan untuk menstabilkan TSS dan meningkatkan kualitas efluen akhir.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/173900
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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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