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      Pendekatan Sosial-Ekologi Pemanfaatan Hiu dan Pari di Muncar, Jawa Timur: Implikasi Bagi Konservasi

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Gozali, Irianies Cahya
      Adrianto, Luky
      Kamal, Mohammad Mukhlis
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      Abstract
      Pemanfaatan hiu dan pari di Indonesia, khususnya di wilayah Muncar, Jawa Timur, menghadapi tantangan yang kompleks. Tantangan tersebut mencakup status konservasi sejumlah spesies yang tergolong rentan secara global, tingginya ketergantungan masyarakat pesisir terhadap komoditas tersebut sebagai sumber mata pencaharian dan protein, serta isu keamanan pangan yang muncul akibat potensi kontaminasi logam berat. Tekanan eksploitasi yang terus meningkat dan ketidaktepatan regulasi turut memperburuk kondisi populasi hiu dan pari di alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interaksi pemanfaatan hiu dan pari dalam sistem sosial-ekologi, menilai kelayakan konsumsi daging hiu dan pari berdasarkan kandungan logam berat dan nilai gizi, serta merumuskan rekomendasi pengelolaan yang berkelanjutan berbasis pendekatan sosial-ekologi. Penelitian mengintegrasikan data empiris lapangan dengan analisis multi- metode. Pendekatan sosial-ekologi digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi entitas aktor dan entitas ekologi yang terlibat dalam pemanfaatan hiu dan pari, serta memetakan situasi aksi (action situations) pada berbagai tingkat interaksi. Analisis keamanan pangan dilakukan melalui pengukuran empat jenis logam berat (As, Pb, Hg, Cd) mengacu pada standar SNI, dan batasan konsumsi dari SNI, BPOM, dan FAO. Selanjutnya, analisis fuzzy logic diterapkan untuk mengevaluasi keberlanjutan pemanfaatan berdasarkan faktor sosial (preferensi konsumsi), faktor ekologi (status konservasi dan kandungan merkuri), serta kandungan protein. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan hiu dan pari di Muncar melibatkan jejaring aktor yang luas, meliputi nelayan, pengepul, pengasap, pedagang ikan, pemerintah daerah, dan penyuluh perikanan. Interaksi antar aktor mencerminkan ketergantungan ekonomi dan sosial yang kuat, terutama antara nelayan dan pengepul sebagai penyedia modal dan pasar. Secara ekologis, hiu dan pari berperan sebagai predator tingkat trofik tinggi yang berinteraksi dengan ikan target, sedangkan interaksi sosial-ekologi tercermin pada praktik penangkapan yang menghasilkan tangkapan utama dan sampingan (bycatch) ikan hiu dan pari secara bersamaan. Analisis kandungan logam berat menunjukkan variasi antar spesies. Konsentrasi merkuri tertinggi ditemukan pada Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (0,96 mg/kg), kadmium pada Mobula thurstoni (0,07 mg/kg), timbal pada Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (0,20 mg/kg), dan arsen pada Neotrygon orientalis (2,53 mg/kg). Sementara itu, kandungan protein pada delapan spesies yang dianalisis menunjukan jenis ikan dengan kategori sedang hingga tinggi protein. Hal ini menunjukkan potensi sebagai sumber pangan, namun tetap memerlukan perhatian terhadap risiko kontaminasi logam berat. Hasil analisis fuzzy logic menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan berbasis spesies merupakan pendekatan yang paling efektif dalam mendukung pemanfaatan ikan hiu dan pari yang berkelanjutan serta menjaga tradisi konsumsi dan eksistensi mata pencaharian. Spesies pari dari famili Dasyatidae, khususnya peda jenis Taeniura lymma dan Neotrygon orientalis, kedua spesies ini memperoleh nilai rekomendasi tertinggi berdasarkan kombinasi faktor sosial-ekologi dan nilai gizi. Meskipun demikian, pemanfaatan kedua spesies ini tetap membutuhkan pengawasan ketat untuk mencegah tekanan berlebih yang dapat mengancam kelestariannya. Terlebih, hasil rekomendasi pada studi tidak dapat dipandang sebagai keputusan final, namun harus terus dievaluasi melalui pengamatan lapangan, serta integrasi informasi ilmiah terbaru untuk memastikan efektivitasnya dalam mendukung tujuan dari konservasi hiu dan pari di Muncar dalam jangka panjang.
       
      The utilization of sharks and rays in Indonesia, particularly in the Muncar region of East Java, faces complex challenges. These challenges include the conservation status of several species that are globally categorized as vulnerable, the high dependence of coastal communities on these commodities as sources of livelihood and protein, and food-safety concerns arising from potential heavy-metal contamination. Increasing exploitation pressure and inadequate regulatory measures further exacerbate the decline of shark and ray populations in the wild. This study aims to analyse the interactions within shark and ray utilization in the social–ecological system, assess the feasibility of consuming shark and ray meat based on heavy-metal content and nutritional value, and formulate sustainable management recommendations grounded in a social–ecological approach. This research integrates empirical field data with a multi-method analytical framework. The social–ecological approach is employed to identify the social actors and ecological entities involved in shark and ray utilization, as well as to map action situations across different levels of interaction. Food-safety analysis was conducted by measuring four types of heavy metals (As, Pb, Hg, Cd) in accordance with SNI standards and consumption limits established by SNI, BPOM, and FAO. Furthermore, fuzzy-logic analysis was applied to evaluate the sustainability of utilization based on social factors (consumer preferences), ecological factors (conservation status and mercury concentration), and nutritional aspects (protein content). The findings indicate that shark and ray utilization in Muncar involves an extensive network of actors, including fishers, middlemen, fish smokers, fish vendors, local government, and fisheries extension officers. Interactions among these actors reflect strong economic and social interdependencies, particularly between fishers and middlemen, who serve as providers of both capital and market access. Ecologically, sharks and rays function as high-trophic-level predators interacting with target fish species, while social–ecological interactions are reflected in fishing practices that simultaneously produce both target catches and bycatch of sharks and rays. Heavy-metal analysis shows substantial variation across species. The highest mercury concentration was found in C. amblyrhynchos (0,96 mg/kg), cadmium in M. thurstoni (0,07 mg/kg), lead in C. amblyrhynchos (0,20 mg/kg), and arsenic in N. orientalis (2,53 mg/kg). Meanwhile, the protein content of the eight analysed species falls within the medium to high category. These findings indicate their potential as food sources, although risks associated with heavy-metal contamination require careful consideration. Results of the fuzzy-logic analysis show that species-based management is the most effective approach to support sustainable shark and ray utilization while maintaining local consumption traditions and livelihood continuity. Ray species from the family Dasyatidae, particularly Taeniura lymma and Neotrygon orientalis received the highest recommendation scores based on the combination of social– ecological factors and nutritional value. Nevertheless, the utilization of these species still requires strict monitoring to prevent excessive pressure that may threaten their sustainability. Moreover, the recommendations from this study should not be regarded as final decisions; instead, they must be continuously evaluated through field monitoring and the integration of updated scientific information to ensure their effectiveness in supporting long-term shark and ray conservation in Muncar.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/173577
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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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