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      Studi Pustaka Potensi Senyawa Nabati Sebagai Agen Maskulinisasi Pada Ikan Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Nugroho, Benediktus Primantyo
      Soelistyowati, Dinar Tri
      Alimuddin
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      Abstract
      Penggunaan hormon sintetis dalam teknik sex reversal pada ikan guppy (Poecilia reticulata) berpotensi menimbulkan residu yang berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan, sehingga diperlukan alternatif yang lebih aman melalui pemanfaatan bahan nabati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi potensi senyawa fitokimia dari berbagai bahan nabati sebagai agen maskulinisasi serta membandingkan efektivitasnya berdasarkan nisbah kelamin jantan (NKJ) dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup (SR). Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka terhadap 15 artikel ilmiah. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa berbagai bahan nabati seperti Tribulus terrestris, Basella alba, Cocos nucifera, Solanum torvum, Piper retrofractum, Apium graveolens, Pimpinella alpina, Garcinia mangostana, Momordica charantia, Pinus sp., dan Eurycoma longifolia memiliki potensi dalam meningkatkan maskulinisasi melalui kandungan fitokimia berupa saponin steroidal, fitosterol, flavonoid, alkaloid, xanthone, serta mineral seperti kalium. Nilai NKJ berkisar antara 47,60–100% dan SR antara 73–100% tergantung jenis bahan, metode aplikasi, dan dosis yang digunakan. Senyawa steroid-like menunjukkan efektivitas paling tinggi melalui peningkatan androgen, inhibisi aromatase, serta regulasi ekspresi gen terkait diferensiasi gonad seperti dmrt1, sox9, dan foxl2. Namun, peningkatan dosis tidak selalu berbanding lurus dengan efektivitas, karena dosis berlebih dapat menyebabkan stres fisiologis, ketidakseimbangan hormon, abnormalitas, dan penurunan kelangsungan hidup. Dengan demikian, bahan nabati berpotensi sebagai alternatif agen maskulinisasi yang lebih aman dan ramah lingkungan, dengan keberhasilan yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis fitokimia dan dosis optimal
       
      The use of synthetic hormones in sex reversal techniques for guppy (Poecilia reticulata) raises environmental and health concerns due to residual effects, highlighting the need for safer and sustainable alternatives such as plant-derived compounds. This study aimed to identify and evaluate the potential of phytochemical compounds from various plant sources as masculinization agents and to compare their effectiveness based on male sex ratio (MSR) and survival rate (SR). A literature review approach was conducted using 15 relevant scientific articles. The results indicate that diverse plant materials, including Tribulus terrestris, Basella alba, Cocos nucifera, Solanum torvum, Piper retrofractum, Apium graveolens, Pimpinella alpina, Garcinia mangostana, Momordica charantia, Pinus sp., and Eurycoma longifolia, exhibit significant potential to enhance masculinization through phytochemicals such as steroidal saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, xanthones, and minerals (potassium). The reported MSR ranged from 47.60% to 100%, while SR ranged from 73% to 100%, depending on plant type, dosage, and application method. Steroid-like compounds demonstrated the highest efficacy by promoting androgen synthesis, inhibiting aromatase activity, and modulating the expression of key genes involved in gonadal differentiation, including dmrt1, sox9, and foxl2. However, increasing dosage does not necessarily enhance effectiveness, as excessive exposure may induce physiological stress, hormonal imbalance, abnormalities, and reduced survival. Therefore, plant-derived compounds represent a promising, environmentally friendly alternative for masculinization in guppy, with success highly dependent on phytochemical type and optimal dosage.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/173408
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      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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