Kinerja Teknologi Fertigator Otomatis Nirdaya (FONi) pada Berbagai Rezim Irigasi dan Media Tanam

Abstract

Konversi lahan sawah padi menjadi lahan non pertanian seperti kawasan pemukiman, infrastruktur, dan industri tidak dapat terhindarkan. Luas panen padi pada tahun 2024 menurun sebanyak 1,33 juta ha sejak tahun 2018 (BPS 2025). Pertanian perkotaan berpotensi mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap padi sawah dan menciptakan kemandirian pangan. Kegiatan pertanian perkotaan memerlukan teknologi irigasi yang praktis dan efisien karena akses sumber air terbatas. Fertigator Otomatis Nirdaya (FONi) merupakan teknologi irigasi terbaru yang hemat air, hemat energi, dan mudah diaplikasikan pada pertanian skala kecil. Teknologi ini diterapkan dengan mempertimbangkan titik optimal tanaman agar target produksi tercapai. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kinerja teknologi FONi pada kondisi pertumbuhan optimal tanaman padi. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan petak terbagi. Rezim irigasi diterapkan sebagai plot utama yang terdiri dari irigasi tergenang (IT), irigasi basah (IB), dan irigasi kering (IK). Rezim IT diatur 2 cm di atas permukaan tanah lalu diturunkan hingga sama dengan permukaan tanah pada 80 HST hingga akhir masa tanam. Rezim irigasi basah (IB) diatur dengan ketinggian 1 cm hingga -3 cm di bawah permukaan tanah sedangkan muka air rezim irigasi kering (IK) ditetapkan dengan ketinggian 1 cm sampai -5 cm. Media tanam sebagai subplot terdiri dari enam perlakuan kombinasi arang sekam dan pupuk kandang kambing. Kombinasi perlakuan media tanam antara lain M1P0 (tanah), M1P1(tanah+10% pupuk kandang), M2P0 (tanah+1% arang sekam), M2P1(tanah+1% arang sekam+10% pupuk kandang), M3P0(tanah+2% arang sekam), dan M3P1(tanah+2% arang sekam+10% pupuk kandang). Kinerja FONi diuji melalui pengukuran tinggi muka air pot harian selama masa tanam. Neraca air dianalisis untuk mengetahui kebutuhan air pada setiap rezim irigasi. Hasil ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa rezim irigasi memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap jumlah malai sedangkan pupuk kandang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap bobot gabah dan jumlah malai (p<0,01). Arang sekam tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan padi. Terdapat interaksi antara irigasi dan pupuk kandang terhadap bobot gabah kering (p<0,01). Interaksi signifikan juga ditemukan pada kombinasi arang sekam dan pupuk kandang terhadap bobot gabah dan jumlah malai (p<0,05). Produktivitas padi tertinggi dicapai pada rezim IT dengan 0,40 kg/m2. Perlakuan IB menghasilkan produktivitas 0,38 kg/m2 dan IK memproduksi 0,37 kg/m2. Media tanam dengan penambahan pupuk kandang memberikan produksi tertinggi di antara semua perlakuan media tanam. Produktivitas M2P1, M3P1, dan M1P1 berturut-turut yaitu 0,55, 0,47, dan 0,45 kg/m2. Efisiensi penggunaan air tertinggi dicapai perlakuan IK sebesar 6,31 kg/m3. Perlakuan IK juga menghasilkan nilai RMSE terkecil dengan 1,5 mm. Kondisi optimal tanaman padi dengan FONi dicapai perlakuan M2P1. Pipa drainase pada FONi perlu dirancang ulang agar lebih adaptif dan tertata.

The conversion of rice fields to non-agricultural areas such as residential areas, infrastructure, and industrial areas is inevitable. The rice harvested area in 2024 had decreased by 1.33 million hectares since 2018 (BPS 2025). Urban farming potentially reduce dependence on rice fields and create food self-sufficiency. Urban farming activities require practical and efficient irrigation technology due to limited access to water sources. An Unpowered Automatic Fertigation (FONi) is the latest irrigation technology that need less water, energy-efficient, and easy to apply to small-scale farming. This technology is implemented by considering the optimal crop growth point to achieve production targets. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the performance of FONi technology under optimal rice growth conditions. A split-plot design was used for this research. The irrigation regime applied to the main plot consisted of continuous flooding (IT), wet irrigation (IB), dry irrigation (IK) regime. IT regime was set at 2 cm above the soil surface and then lowered to the same level as the soil surface at 80 days after transplanting until the end of the planting season. While the wet irrigation regime (IB) was set at a height of 1 cm to -3 cm below the soil surface, the dry irrigation regime (IK) water level was set at a height of 1 cm to -5 cm. There were six combinations of growing media with rice husk charcoal and manure added. The growing media combinations were M1P0 (soil), M1P1 (soil + 10% manure), M2P0 (soil + 1% rice husk charcoal), M2P1 (soil + 1% rice husk charcoal + 10% manure), M3P0 (soil + 2% rice husk charcoal), and M3P1 (soil + 1% rice husk charcoal + 10% manure). Performance of FONi was evaluated through measurement water level of pots over the planting period. Water balance was analyzed to determine water demand for each irrigation regime. ANOVA results showed that the irrigation regime significantly affected panicle number, while manure significantly affected grain weight and panicle number (p<0.01). Rice husk charcoal had no significant effect on rice growth. There was an interaction between irrigation and manure on dry grain weight (p<0.01). A significant interaction was also found in the combination of rice husk charcoal and manure on grain and panicle weight (p<0.05). The highest rice productivity was achieved in the IT regime with 0.40 kg/m2. Meanwhile, IK resulted the lowest grain yield with 0.37 kg/m2. At harvest, the IB treatment produced 0.38 kg/m2 of grain. The growing media with the addition of compost provided the highest production among all growing media treatments. M2P1, M3P1, and M1P1 produced 0.55, 0.47, and 0.45 kg/m2, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) was achieved by the IK treatment of 6.31 kg/m3. RMSE value of IK treatment was also the smallest with 1.5 mm. Optimal conditions for rice plants with FONi were achieved by the M2P1 media. The design of drainage pipes in FONi needs to be developed to be more adaptive and organized.