Analisis Struktur Perilaku dan Kinerja Industri Penerbangan Berjadwal di Indonesia

Abstract

Pandemi Covid-19 memberikan dampak paling signifikan terhadap industri penerbangan nasional, menyebabkan penurunan drastis pada permintaan perjalanan, pengurangan kapasitas, dan tekanan finansial pada sebagian besar maskapai. Memasuki periode pasca pandemi, industri penerbangan Indonesia menunjukkan pola pemulihan yang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan struktur pasar, strategi bisnis maskapai, serta dinamika perilaku konsumen yang semakin mengadopsi mobilitas udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur, perilaku, dan kinerja industri penerbangan nasional pasca pandemi Covid-19 dengan menggunakan pendekatan Structure Conduct Performance (SCP). Data yang digunakan meliputi data primer melalui wawancara dengan pemangku kepentingan industri serta data sekunder dari laporan regulator, operator bandara, dan maskapai untuk periode 2019–2024. Analisis struktur menunjukkan bahwa industri penerbangan nasional berada pada kondisi konsentrasi pasar tinggi, ditandai dominasi dua grup maskapai besar dan tingginya hambatan masuk. Dari sisi perilaku, maskapai secara umum menerapkan capacity discipline, strategi penetapan harga yang adaptif, percepatan digitalisasi layanan, serta efisiensi biaya melalui optimalisasi armada dan jaringan. Pada aspek kinerja, industri mengalami perbaikan yang ditunjukkan oleh meningkatnya load factor, pemulihan indikator RPK–ASK, penurunan yield, serta perbaikan profitabilitas. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa hubungan antara struktur pasar yang terkonsentrasi, perilaku adaptif maskapai, dan peningkatan kinerja pasca pandemi konsisten dengan kerangka SCP. Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi manajerial penting bagi maskapai, pemerintah atau regulator dan operator Bandar Udara dan stakeholder dalam penguatan strategi kapasitas, akselerasi digitalisasi, diversifikasi pendapatan, serta kolaborasi lintas pemangku kepentingan untuk memastikan keberlanjutan dan daya saing industri penerbangan nasional terutama di pasar domestik.

The Covid-19 pandemic brought unprecedented disruptions to the Indonesian aviation industry, causing a sharp decline in passenger demand, significant capacity reductions, and severe financial pressure on most airlines. As the industry enters the post-pandemic recovery phase, structural shifts, evolving competitive behaviors, and changing consumer travel patterns have reshaped market dynamics. This study aims to analyze the structure, conduct, and performance of the national aviation industry in the post-Covid-19 period using the Structure Conduct Performance (SCP) framework. The research utilizes primary data collected through interviews with key industry stakeholders and secondary data derived from regulatory reports, airport operators, and airline financial and operational records from 2019 to 2024. The structural analysis reveals that the Indonesian aviation industry remains highly concentrated, dominated by two major airline groups and characterized by strong entry barriers. In terms of conduct, airlines have generally adopted capacity discipline, adaptive pricing strategies, accelerated digitalization initiatives, and cost-efficiency measures through fleet and network optimization. In terms of performance, the industry demonstrates a gradual recovery, indicated by increasing load factors, improvements in RPK–ASK metrics, lower yield, and strengthened profitability following restructuring efforts. The findings indicate that the interaction between a highly concentrated market structure, adaptive airline strategies, and improved post-pandemic airlines performance in Indonesia are aligns with the SCP paradigm. This study provides important managerial implications for airlines and regulators, emphasizing the need to strengthen capacity strategies, accelerate digital transformation, diversify ancillary revenues, and enhance cross-stakeholder collaboration to ensure long-term competitiveness and sustainability of the national aviation industry in domestic markets.