Produktivitas Hasil Persilangan Calon Galur Ayam IPB D2 dengan Ayam IPB D3 dan Resiprokalnya

Abstract

Kontribusi ayam lokal dalam memenuhi kebutuhan daging ayam sebagai protein hewani masih kurang karena ayam lokal mempunyai pertumbuhan yang lambat dan produktivitas yang kurang. Namun, ayam lokal tahan penyakit dan adaptif terhadap lingkungan. Potensi tersebut perlu dikembangkan agar menjadi aset nasional. Ayam IPB D1 adalah rumpun ayam lokal pedaging hasil persilangan F1 jantan PS (pelung x sentul) dan F1 betina KB (kampung x parent stock Cobb). Perkembangan ayam IPB D1 menghasilkan calon galur IPB D2 (female line) dengan sifat tahan penyakit dan calon galur IPB D3 (male line) dengan sifat tumbuh cepat. Persilangan calon galur IPB D2 dengan IPB D3 diharapkan menghasilkan keturunan dengan sifat unggul tetuanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji pertumbuhan, morfometrik, kualitas karkas, dan reproduksi hasil persilangan IPB D2 dengan IPB D3 dan resiprokalnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan 200 ekor Day Old Chick (100 ekor D2D3 dan 100 ekor D3D2). Ayam dipelihara selama 12 minggu untuk pengamatan pertumbuhan dan morfometrik. Pertumbuhan diamati setiap satu minggu meliputi bobot badan, pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, dan konvesi pakan. Morfometrik diamati setiap empat minggu meliputi panjang shank, lingkar shank, panjang femur, panjang tibia, lingkar dada, lebar dada, dalam dada, panjang dada, dan panjang punggung. Peubah kualitas karkas diamati pada ayam jantan umur 12 minggu meliputi bobot potong, bobot dan persentase komponen karkas, serta bobot dan persentase komponen non-karkas. Peubah reproduksi diamati ketika ayam sudah dewasa kelamin dan diamati selama 12 minggu meliputi umur bertelur pertama, bobot badan bertelur pertama, bobot telur pertama, Hen Day Production, bobot telur, fertilitas, mortalitas embiro, daya tetas, dan bobot tetas. Estimasi efek heterosis dihitung pada peubah bobot badan fase starter dan peubah reproduksi menggunakan data sekunder untuk tetuanya. Penggunaan betina IPB D3 meningkatkan (P<0,05) bobot badan, PBB, konsumsi pakan, lebar dada, dan lingkar dada keturunannya pada kelompok ayam jantan. Penggunaan betina IPB D2 mengurangi jumlah kematian selama fase grower serta meningkatkan (P<0,05) bobot dan persentase rempela. Sifat reproduksi hasil persilangan terdapat perbedaan (P<0,05) pada bobot telur ketika umur 26-29 minggu. Persilangan resiprokal menghasilkan heterosis positif pada bobot DOC, bobot telur pertama, bobot badan bertelur pertama, bobot telur, fertilitas, dan bobot tetas.

The contribution of local chickens to meet the demand for chicken meat as animal protein is still lacking because local chickens have slow growth and low productivity. However, local chickens are disease-resistant and adaptive to the environment. This potential must be developed to become a national asset. The IPB D1 chicken is a local meat-type chicken breed resulting from the crossing of F1 male PS (pelung × sentul) and F1 female KB (kampung × Cobb parent stock). The development of IPB D1 chickens produces IPB D2 (female line) candidate lines with disease resistance and IPB D3 (male line) candidate lines with fast growth properties. Crossing IPB D2 with IPB D3 candidate lines is expected to produce offspring with superior traits of their parents. This study assessed the growth, morphometrics, carcass traits, and reproduction of IPB D2 with IPB D3 chickens lines crossing and its reciprocals. This study used 100 Day Old Chick (DOC) D2D3 and 100 DOC D3D2 chicks. Chickens were maintained for 12 weeks for growth and morphometric observations. Growth, including body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion, was observed every week. Morphometrics were observed every four weeks, including shank length, shank circumference, femur length, tibia length, chest circumference, chest width, chest depth, chest length, and back length. Carcase quality variables were observed in 12-week-old roosters, including slaughter weight, weight, and percentage of carcase components, and weight and percentage of non-carcase components. Reproductive variables were observed when the chickens were sexually mature and observed for 12 weeks including age at first egg laying, first egg laying body weight, first egg weight, Hen Day Production, egg weight, fertility, embryo mortality, hatchability, and hatching weight. Heterosis effect estimates were calculated for the starter phase body weight and reproductive variables using secondary data for the parents. The use of IPB D3 females increased (P<0.05) body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, chest width, and chest circumference of their offspring in the males group. The use of IPB D2 females reduced the number of deaths during the grower phases and increased (P<0.05) gizzard weight and percentage. The reproductive traits of the crosses were different (P<0.05) in egg weight at 26-29 weeks of age. Reciprocal crosses produced positive heterosis in DOC weight, first egg weight, first egg laying weight, egg weight, fertility, and hatching weight