Daya Saing dan Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Ekspor Kapulaga Indonesia di Negara Tujuan

Abstract

Kapulaga merupakan tanaman biofarmaka unggulan Indonesia yang dijuluki Queen of Spices karena nilai ekonominya yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis daya saing, posisi daya saing, serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor kapulaga Indonesia ke negara tujuan. Nilai ekspor digunakan sebagai variabel dependen, sedangkan variabel independen meliputi RCA, PDB negara tujuan, jarak, populasi negara tujuan, kurs riil, harga ekspor kapulaga, COVID-19, tarif impor, serta nontarif. Data kuantitatif dikumpulkan pada periode 2014–2023. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan metode Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Dynamic RCA, dan model gravity. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kapulaga Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di Tiongkok, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea Selatan, Taiwan, dan Hongkong. Periode pertama, posisi pasar rising star di Korea Selatan dan Malaysia. Periode kedua, posisi pasar rising star di Tiongkok, Thailand, Taiwan, dan Hongkong. Namun, pada periode ketiga tidak berada di posisi rising star. Analisis model gravity menunjukkan bahwa RCA, PDB negara tujuan, jarak, populasi negara tujuan, kurs riil, harga ekspor kapulaga, dan tarif impor berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai ekspor kapulaga Indonesia.

Cardamom is a leading Indonesian biopharmaceutical plant nicknamed the Queen of Spices because of its high economic value. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness, competitive position, and factors that influence Indonesian cardamom exports to destination countries. Export value is used as the dependent variable, while independent variables include RCA, destination country GDP, distance, destination country population, real exchange rate, cardamom export price, COVID-19, import tariffs, and non-tariffs. Quantitative data were collected in the period 2014–2023. The analysis was carried out using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Dynamic RCA, and gravity models. The results showed that Indonesian cardamom has a comparative advantage in China, Thailand, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. The first period, the rising star market position in South Korea and Malaysia. The second period, the rising star market position in China, Thailand, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. However, in the third period it was not in the rising star position. Gravity model analysis shows that RCA, GDP of destination country, distance, population of destination country, real exchange rate, cardamom export price, and import tariff have a significant effect on the value of Indonesian cardamom exports.