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      Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Method untuk Ekstraksi Kafein dan Polifenol dari Biji Kola (Cola nitida)

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      Date
      2023
      Author
      Simamora, Imanuel Andrian Parasiando
      Budiastra, I Wayan
      Purwanti, Nanik
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      Abstract
      Kandungan senyawa yang banyak terdapat dalam biji kola adalah metilxantin (yaitu kafein dan teobromin), flavonoid, antosianin, dan tanin. Untuk mendapatkan kandungan tersebut diperlukan metode esktraksi. Teknologi ekstraksi konvensional umumnya berjalan lambat dan memerlukan banyak pelarut sehingga metode ekstraksi yang lebih efisien dan ramah lingkungan diperlukan, salah satunya dengan Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji metode UAE untuk ekstraksi biji kola, yang hasilnya kemudian dibandingkan dengan metode maserasi. Tujuan khusus penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pengaruh variasi jenis pelarut, ukuran partikel, dan waktu ekstraksi terhadap kadar kafein dan total polifenol dari biji kola. Ekstraksi menggunakan UAE dilakukan dengan dua jenis pelarut yaitu etanol 70% dan natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) asam laktatsukrosa (LAS), dua ukuran partikel (40 dan 60 mesh), dan tiga waktu ekstraksi (10,20, dan 30 menit). Kombinasi tiga faktor ini diteliti untuk melihat pengaruhnya terhadap rendemen ekstrak, kadar kafein, dan kadar total fenol dari biji kola. Metode maserasi digunakan sebagai referensi dimana etanol digunakan sebagai pelarut dengan waktu ekstraksi selama 48 jam. Hasil ekstraksi dengan metode UAE menunjukkan bahwa rendemen ekstrak terbanyak diperoleh dengan pelarut NADES LAS. Rendemen dengan kadar kafein terbanyak diperoleh dengan kombinasi pelarut etanol, ukuran partikel 40 mesh, dan waktu ekstraksi selama 30 menit (3,17 ± 0,17 mg/g). Sedangkan rendemen dengan kadar total fenol terbanyak diperoleh dengan kombinasi pelarut etanol, ukuran partikel 60 mesh, dan waktu ekstraksi 10 menit (12,80 ± 1,48 mg GAE/g). Hasil ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menunjukkan bahwa persentase rendemen ekstrak, kadar kafein dan kadar polifenol tertinggi diperoleh dengan bubuk biji kola berukuran 60 mesh. Kadar kafein dan kadar polifenol yang diperoleh berturut-turut adalah 2,83 ± 0,44 mg/g dan 5,12 ± 1,48 mg GAE/g. Etanol 70% lebih efektif sebagai pelarut untuk mengekstrak kafein dan polifenol menggunakan metode UAE dibandingkan NADES. Kadar kafein semakin meningkat seiring kenaikan waktu ekstraksi dan kadar kafein yang dihasilkan lebih tinggi daripada kadar kafein yang dihasilkan metode maserasi. Kadar total polifenol semakin menurun seiring kenaikan waktu ekstraksi dengan UAE, tetapi kadar total polifenol yang diekstrak dengan pelarut etanol dan metode UAE dengan waktu ekstraksi hingga 20 menit lebih tinggi daripada kadar total polifenol yang diekstrak dengan metode maserasi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode UAE lebih efektif dan efisien mengekstrak kafein dan polifenol dari biji kola dibandingkan metode maserasi karena kadar kafein dan polifenol yang dihasilkan lebih tinggi (dengan pelarut etanol) dan waktu yang dibutuhkan lebih singkat.
       
      The content of compounds that are widely found in kola nuts are methylxanthine (i.e. caffeine and theobromine), flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins. Extraction is required to get those compounds. A conventional extraction method generally works slowly and requires lots of solvent, therefore, a more efficient and environmentally friendly extraction method is required, one of which is Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). This study aimed to examine the UAE method for extracting kola nuts and compare the results with those of the maceration method. The specific aim of this research was to examine the effects of solvent types, particle sizes, and extraction times on caffeine and total polyphenols contents from kola nuts. Extraction using UAE was carried out with two types of solvents, namely 70% ethanol and natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) lactic acid-sucrose (LAS), two particle sizes (40 and 60 mesh), and three extraction times (10, 20, and 30 minutes). The combinations of these three factors were investigated to see their effects on the yield, the caffeine content, and the total phenol content. The maceration method was used as the reference wherein ethanol was the only solvent and the extraction time was 48 hours. The extraction results with the UAE method showed that the highest yield of the extract was obtained with NADES LAS solvent. The yield with the highest caffeine content was obtained with a combination of ethanol solvent, particle size of 40 mesh, and extraction time of 30 minutes (3.17 ± 0.17 mg/g). Meanwhile, the yield with the highest total phenol content was obtained with a combination of ethanol solvent, 60 mesh particle size, and 10 minutes extraction time (12.80 ± 1.48 mg GAE/g). The maceration method resulted the highest yield of extract, the highest caffeine and polyphenols with a particle size of 60 mesh. The caffeine and polyphenols contents were 2.83 ± 0.44 mg/g and 5.12 ± 1.48 mg GAE/g, respectively. The 70% ethanol was more efficient as the solvent to extract caffeine and polyphenols using the UAE method than NADES. The caffeine content increases as the extraction time increases and the caffeine content produced was higher than the caffeine content produced by the maceration method. The total polyphenols content decreased as the extraction time increased with UAE, but the total polyphenols content extracted with ethanol solvents and the UAE method with an extraction time of up to 20 minutes was higher than the total polyphenols content extracted using the maceration method. This research shows that the UAE method is more effective and efficient in extracting caffeine and polyphenols from kola nuts compared to the maceration method because the levels of caffeine and polyphenols produced are higher (with ethanol solvent) and the time required is shorter.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/126735
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      • UT - Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering [3593]

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      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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