Effect Of Bee Venom To Cell Death And Spatial Memory In Mice (Mus Musculus)

Abstract

Bee venom has been used as an alternative medicine as well as prevention of various diseases. It contains complex compounds and some of its content act as allergen and inflammation agents. It is expected to cause cell death in brain and to affect spatial memory. The objective of this study was to determine dose of bee venom that causes neuronal cell death in dentate gyrus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex as well as analyze the alteration of mice behaviour, particularly spatial memory. Fifteen male mice of Deutche Denken Yoken (DDY) were divided into control and treatment groups. Bee venom was injected six times for two weeks intraperitoneally with doses 1.88 mg/kg (P1), 3.76 mg/kg (P2), 5.6 mg/kg (P3), and 7.48 mg/kg (P4), respectively. Brain slices were made by paraffin method in 5 μm coronal section and stained by haematoxylin eosin. The Y maze method was used for behaviour assay. Parameters observed were the number of neuronal cell death in hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex, and percentage of alteration mice behaviour in Y maze. This study used complete randomized design method which consists of five treatments and three repetitions. Data was analyzed using one-way (ANOVA) in SPSS. The results showed differences in the mean of neuronal cells death in dentate gyrus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. Mean of neuronal cells death varied in each treatment compared to control. The highest mean of dead neuron in dentate gyrus, amygdala, cortex upper layer (2-4), and cortex deep layer (5-6) was 1510 cell/mm2, 1754 cell/mm2, 1415 cell/mm2, and 1168 cell/mm2 while the lowest mean was 220 cell/mm2, 326 cell/mm2, 420 cell/mm2, and 365 cell/mm2, respectively. The highest mean of alteration after 24 h bee venom injection was 74.57 % and the lowest was 61.07 %. The highest mean of alteration after 72 h bee venom injection was 76.03 % and the lowest was 57.50 %. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that effect of bee venom was significantly different in the number of neuronal cell death in dentate gyrus and amygdala, but no significant effect in cerebral cortex as well as mice behaviour. The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) results showed that P4 significantly different to neuronal cells death in dentate gyrus and amygdala compared to other treatments. Based on the study, bee venom induced neurotoxic effect because it caused neuronal cell death in dentate gyrus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex and tend to affect spatial memory.