| dc.description.abstract | Poverty is one cause of family stress, especially for children. Parents will give worse environmental quality of parenting when the participation of parents in encouraging the development of children is minimal, then efforts to improve family strengthening is quite important factor. Limitations of poor families in carrying out its functions require external support in the form of economic and social support. Psychosocial intervention is a form of social support. This research aimed to analyze the influence of family strengthening, parenting and psychosocial interventions for adolescent psychosocial development. The design of this study is “the control group pretest - posttest design”. Respondents in this research were adolescent from poor families in Bekasi taken by random sampling. Total number of 96 adolescents consisting of 48 adolescents as experimental group and 48 adolescents as control group. Data consisted of adolescent characteristics (age, education and gender), peer conformity, media exposure and psychosocial development. Psychosocial development were taken at the beginning of the research/baseline (before psychosocial intervention applied) and at the end of the research/endline (after psychosocial interventions applied). The data that taken from the adolescent mother including family strengthening and parenting (warmth dimension, emotion dimension, and referrals dimension). Adolescent characteristics and family characteristics were processed and analyzed using descriptive analysis. Progress between baseline and endline conditions in the experimental group using paired sample t-test. Relationship test variables using Spearman correlation and to analyze the factors that influence adolescent psychosocial development using regression test. Analysis the effect of the intervention (the independent variable) in changes on adolescent psychosocial development at the end of research using linear regression analysis. The stages of research: 1) preparation; 2) data collection and intervention; 3) data analysis and writing. Interventions carried out during seven meetings (± 17.5 hours) within a period of 2 months. Psychosocial intervention program designed and structured in a module. At each intervention meeting begins with a pretest and ended with posttest. Based on the distribution of adolescents characteristics, the age of adolescent ranged from 13-18 years with a percent age of 59.3 percent at age 13 to 15 years old and 40.6 percent at age 16-18 years old. Adolescent in this research consisting 47 boys or 49 percent and 49 girls or 51 percent. The results showed that the level of adolescent education was varied, 37.5 percent of adolescent completed primary school and 36.5 percent did not completed junior high school education. There is a 15.6 percent of adolescent did not completed primary school education and 9.4 percent of adolescent were uneducated. 79.2 percent mother of adolescents were in the age range of middle adulthood. The largest percentage of adolescent parent education were in level completed primary school education (49.0 percent of adolescent mother and 44.8 percent of adolescent father). Most of mother of adolescents work as scavengers (49.0%), and the greatest percentage of adolescent father were work as laborers (34.4%) and scavengers (31.3%). The average of adolescent family income per capita was Rp 219.522,8. It was lower than the per capita income according to West Java BPS in 2012 for urban areas (Rp249.170,0). Achievement of family strengthening largely on the level of moderate (83%). Parenting practices in terms of the dimensions of warmth, emotion and referrals were still in a low level. More than half (58.3%) of peer conformity were in the low category. In this study, more than half (54.2%) adolescents were in medium category on obtaining media exposure. The results of correlation test showed that adolescents age was related to adolescent psychosocial development (r=0.418, p< 0.01). Adolescent education had a significant connection with the achievement of adolescent psychosocial development (r=0.65, p<0.01). This research proved that family strengthening was related to the psychosocial development of adolescents in all stages (r=0.522, p<0.01). Furthermore, in this research also proved that the parenting dimensions of warmth, emotion and referrals had relationships with adolescent psychosocial development. The role of peers in the event of conformity would tend towards the negative pressure. This research found that there was a negative correlation between peer conformity with adolescent psychosocial development (r=-0.270, p< 0.01). Exposure of media had a positive relationship with all stages of psychosocial development (r=0.338, p< 0.01). After the psychosocial intervention applied in experimental group, this research showed that there were differences in psychosocial development between the control group and the experimental group. Experimental group had higher average than the control group (p<0.05). This research also found there was progress towards stages of psychosocial development before and after the intervention applied (p<0.05). Regression test results at baseline (before the psychosocial intervention applied) showed that adolescent age, adolescent education, physical strengthening of family, peer conformity, and media exposure were influencing adolescent psychosocial development (R square=0.628). Adolescent education and family physical strengthening consistently affect every stages of psychosocial development (trust-identity). When endline (after the psychosocial intervention applied) variables that affect the psychosocial development were adolescent age, adolescent education, family physical strengthening, peer conformity, media exposure and psychosocial interventions (R square=0.740). Results of linear regression with psychosocial intervention as the independent variables showed that intervention significantly influenced at all stages of psychosocial development (trustidentity). Psychosocial intervention contribution were 36.4 percent, which increasing adolescent psychosocial development. The results showed that psychosocial interventions as a model of family social support significantly influenced the increasing of adolescent psychosocial development. This study corroborate the results of research about the effects of adolescent age, media exposure and parenting style on adolescent psychosocial development and supports the concept of family ecology which explain that social support directly or indirectly affect the well-being of parents, the integrity of the family, parent-child interaction, as well as the development and behavior of children. Based on the results of this research, it could be done similar research by increasing the duration of psychosocial interventions. Intervention modules could be used as an alternative for the government, foundations and non-governmental organization (NGO) whose accompany adolescent in the research. | en |
