| dc.description.abstract | Mangrove ecosystem damage is generally caused by human activities, although it is undeniable, nature also has a considerable role. The damage will cause a reduction or even disappearance of system functions and benefits of mangrove for the community and the surrounding environment. To restore the damaged mangrove, it is necessary to attempt rehabilitation through mangrove management on Pramuka Island, Seribu Archipelago. The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the factors that determine the success of the rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems on Pramuka Island, Seribu Archipelago, (2) to assess the effectiveness of the rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems and the factors supporting the success and failure on Pamuka Island, Seribu Archipelago, and (3) to arrange the recommendations to improve the effectiveness of the rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems on Pramuka Island, Seribu Archipelago. Assessment of mangrove rehabilitation success rate on Pramuka Island was done by analyzing several indicators of using an effectiveness index with taking into account also the environmental parameters of water quality such as temperature, flow velocity, salinity, pH, DO, TSS, nitrate, potassium, BOD5. Indicators of effectiveness of mangrove include eco-biologi indicators of mangrove rehabilitation that includes survival, growth and percent cover; and social indicators that include public participation and public perception. Results of this study showed that the majority of mangroves on Pramuka Island are the saplings, while for trees and seedlings only a small fraction. All existing mangrove rehabilitation was the result of the different planting years, only two trees ware considered a pre-existing natural mangrove long ago. Based on the measurement results, mangrove rehabilitation on Pramuka Island had a relative cover between 0.03 to 2.82%; growth of 13.33 to 32.50 cm/yr; and survival rate of 3.02 to 67.36%. Environmental conditions in the area of rehabilitation of mangrove waters are shallow water reef around the island stretches to a distance of about 500 m from the shoreline and the water quality is suitable for mangroves. Values of water quality measurements include temperature from 31.7 to 35 °C; flow velocity 0.1-0.3 m/s; TSS 4-16 mg/l; pH 7.54 to 8.20; salinity 25-28 psu; DO from 7.6 to 9.4 mg/l; nitrate from 0.039 to 0.156 mg/l; orthophosphate 0.002 to 0.283 mg/l; potassium 0.272 to 0.698; and BOD5 from 2.00 to 4.60 mg/l. Based on social conditions, all the people (100%) know about mangroves, both the function and existence. 60% of people also know that the mangrove on Pramuka Island is managed by TNKpS. In addition, people also take a role and participate in themanagement of the mangrove. Approximately 80% of respondents said had been involved in management efforts, including by contributing to maintain, not destroy the existence of mangroves and mangrove occasional cleaning of garbage. Community involvement is in line with the perceived benefits. 80% of vii respondents said that the mangroves are considered to lessen the blow of the waves, erosion and add coolness on the beach. Community involvement in management efforts can be improved if people know and can take advantage of direct utilization of mangrove like to candied fruit, wood utilization, etc.. So far there is no direct use of the mangrove by the community, 100% of respondents said there was no direct use. Associated with mangrove rehabilitation, 100% of respondents knew about the meaning of rehabilitation and the rehabilitation program conducted on Pramuka Island. But only 80% of respondents who mentioned have been involved in the rehabilitation, and from that involvement was only 20% of respondents who do so voluntarily, the other 80% are involved because these activities are considered only as a project and just to earn money both from the seeds that they planted and energy that they spend on the process of planting on the beach. It is also reinforced with only 60% of respondents who self in any rehabilitation while rehabilitation routine. Methods and techniques of cultivation by 80% of respondents considered already done it right, is the clump (clustered). The method is considered true because the majority of the mangroves can grow, unlike previous methods and techniques. So that 80% of respondents consider rehabilitation was effective and 100% was considered successful. Society hopes that rehabilitation, there is followup, not just when the program alone. 80% of respondents said there was no followup was performed after the rehabilitation was done. Follow-up activities can be done as treatment, thinning, arrangement, etc., so that mangroves can grow more and more optimal life. The results of PCA analysis showed that the environment variables that affect mangrove survival rate was nitrate (99.25%), flow velocity (88.85%), and potassium 63.26% ie. These variables adequately represent the effectiveness of rehabilitation in which the factor is represented by the physical oceanography and chemical flow velocity was represented by nitrate and potassium. Whereas the results of index of rehabilitation effectivity showed that rehabilitation at the stations 1, 2 and 3 is effective with a value of 57.58%, 66.77% and 66.67%, and at station 4 is not effective by the value of 48.48%. From these results, it can be concluded that the rehabilitation of mangroves on Pramuka Island generally effective. The study also concluded that the parameters of growth and survival, there is only one location that achieve optimal value, including on-site station 2 for growth and at station 3 for survival. Optimal growth and survival at the that location are heavily influenced by oceanographic parameters and the established conditions of mangrove ecosystem that supports especially for organic materials needed mangrove derived from the mangrove litter. | en |
