| dc.description.abstract | Methane emission produced by feed fermentation in ruminants contributes in global warming. This study evaluated the effects of charcoal addition from coconut shells and empty fruit bunches of oil palm in feed fermentation. Factorial experimental design was used to analyze the effect of type, size, and concentration of charcoal in reducing methane during in vitro fermentation of feed. Feed fermentation parameters measured were total gas production, methane, and ammonia analyzed using Design Expert 8.07.1 trial version. The type of charcoal significantly affected the ratio of total gas, methane, and ammonia. The size and concentration factors significantly affected the ratio of methane and ammonia but not to total gas ratio. The optimum conditions of total gas, methane, and ammonia obtained were the addition of coconut shell charcoal with size and concentration (1.4 mm−0.05 mg/mL) of 81.4579 mL, 32.6819 mL, and 0.3404 g/mL respectively. | en |
