Pala (Myristica spp.) Maluku Utara berdasarkan keragaman morfologi, kandungan atsiri, pendugaan seks tanaman dan analisis marka SSR

Abstract

North Moluccas has several species of nutmeg that is necessary to identify the diversity of essential oil components. Differences in species composition and nutmeg will give a different nutmeg oil content as well. Cultivation of nutmeg by identifying the type of sex is very useful and prevent the election of male plants. Characterization based on morphological markers and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) to Obtain Information and the genetic diversity of sex determination for plant breeding and conservation of plant germplasm nutmeg. The results of the analysis of morphological and agronomic diversity nutmeg identified as belonging to the accession of nutmeg Myristica fragrans Houtt., M. fatua Houtt., M. argentea Warb., M. succedanea Reinw., M. speciosa Warb., M. papuana Scheff., Horsfieldia iryaghedhi Warb., H. globularia Warb., H. spicata Sinclair, H. warb sylvestris Warb., and Myristica sp. Further to the information diversity of germplasm contains oil of nutmeg (Myristica spp.) Of those species. The results of GC-MS analysis of volatile oil produced the highest species M. succedanea Reinw. 12.56% and Myristica sp. (PHG1) and the lowest levels of M. argentea Warb. 8.84% and M.speciosa Warb. 9.37%. While the levels of essential oils containing mace 19.60 - 21.30%. The main aromatic components of nine species of nutmeg and mace nutmeg is myristicin, safrol, elemicin and methyleugenol. Myristicin highest levels encountered in M. fragrans Houtt., M. succedanea Reinw. and Myristica sp. (PTLK). Identification of the type of sex using morphological markers in seeds and seedlings stadia nutmeg, can distinguish between male and female trees, and flowers monoecious and trimonoecious, hermaphrodit. Differences in female and male trees are the female flowers with no anthers and male flowers do not have ovaries. Sex morphology of the female plants habitus more pyramids, larger leaves, flowers 1-3, while the male plants more semi hibitus pyramid - membola with smaller leaves and flower number more than 3 pertangkai. Mofologi sex monoecious plants, and trimonoecious hermaphrodit showed no difference with the female plants. Characterization of Simple Sequence Repeat based markers (SSR), the ten SSR markers to evaluate kinship and genetic diversity of plant germplasm nutmeg, with a high degree of polymorphism of 78%. Obtained an average gene diversity (He) 0.821 and the average heterozygosity (Ho) of 1.00. The highest genetic diversity is generated at the locus M4s14 0.897, while the lowest in M2r6 0.731. High average heterozygosity at all loci. Average Polimorphic Information Content (PIC) for 0.787 is high. Klastering nutmeg species with a genetic similarity level of 23% to form four main clusters with a similarity level of 86.00% till 14:25, it indicates the degree of resemblance in diverse populations of individuals with levels of heterozygosity nutmeg alleles of 1.00%. Generated specific fragments of 150bp-200bp females, and males 500bp-200bp. Determination of seed horned daribiji not produce female plants, and trimonoeciou, gynomonoecious. Seedlings from seeds produced seedlings horned males, andromonoecious, and found no seedlings trimonoecious, gynomonoecious. So that the SSR primers can be used as a marker Vsur34 to distinguish the sex of plants and seed heads on early.