Application of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic to enchance the immune response of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio harveyi infection

Abstract

Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic are now widely used in aquaculture and showed their capability in controlling the bacterial disease. The aim of this study was to the test the effectiveness of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic in enhancing the immune response of shrimp againts Vibrio harveyi infection. This research comprised of 5 treatments, namely: control P0(+), control P0(-), 1% probiotic (P1), 2% prebiotic (P2) and synbiotic (1% probiotic+2% prebiotic: P3). Probiotic SKT-b (dose 106 CFU/ml) was supplemented into bacterial feed. Prebiotic used in this study was oligosaccharides derived from sweet potato varietie of Sukuh (2% of the feed weight). Shrimp used in this study was Litopenaeus vannamei larvae (±3.5 g in weight). Shrimp were cultured aquaria 60x35x30 cm3 filled with 40 L seawater for 28 days. Immune response parameters observed including total hemocyte, phagocytic activity and phenoloxidase activity (PO). Each parameter was observed 9 times, i.e at 0, 7 and 14 day of culture and after a challenge test, i.e at the 6, 12, 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours post infection. Post-test results showed that the highest survival P3 treatment (100%), followed by P1(90%), P2(83%), and P0(+)(60%) showed by respectively. The results of the immune response observed during the study showed the highest in P3 (total hemocyte 3,36±0,05- 9,32±0,05x106 cells/ml, phagocytic activity of 16,48±0,14-77,55±0,22% and PO activity 0,128±0,03-0,591±0,01) and the lowest was P0(+) (total hemocyte 3,15±0,16-4,53±0,33x106 cell/ml; phagocytic activity 10,15±0,10-20,78±0,34% and PO activity 0,128±0,03-0,181±0,03). From this study, we concluded that the addition synbiotic into the feed can improve the immune response of shrimp better than the other treatments.

Litopenaeus vannamei merupakan udang introduksi yang saat ini banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Namun, kendala yang dihadapi dalam usaha budidaya udang diantaranya adalah penyakit. Penyakit bakterial yang paling sering ditemukan menyerang udang adalah penyakit vibriosis yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Vibrio spp. Upaya pengendalian penyakit umumnya menggunakan antibiotik dan bahan kimia. Namun, saat ini penggunaan antibiotik sudah dibatasi dan dilarang karena dapat menimbulkan strain patogen yang resisten terhadap antibiotik tersebut. Oleh karena itu, salah satu alternatif yang dilakukan untuk menanggulangi penyakit vibriosis melalui pemberian probiotik, prebiotik atau sinbiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas pemberian probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik dalam meningkatkan respon imun udang vaname terhadap infeksi bakteri Vibrio harveyi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan, mulai dari bulan Maret-Mei 2011, di Laboratorium Kesehatan Ikan, Departemen Budidaya Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Tahapan penelitian meliputi produksi prebiotik (ekstraksi oligosakarida) dan uji probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik pada udang. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan, yaitu: kontrol P0 (-); kontrol P0 (+); perlakuan P1 (probiotik 1%); perlakuan P2 (prebiotik 2%) dan perlakuan P3 (sinbiotik: probiotik 1% dan prebiotik 2%).