Keselarasan Areal Perkebunan Sawit Rakyat Di Kabupaten Tebo, Provinsi Jambi

Abstract

Indonesia sebagai produsen minyak sawit terbesar di dunia menghadapi tantangan keselarasan areal perkebunan sawit rakyat terhadap aspek perizinan dan prinsip keberlanjutan lingkungan yang belum banyak dikaji secara komprehensif, terutama di tengah tuntutan kebijakan European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) yang mewajibkan produk sawit bebas deforestasi. Kabupaten Tebo, Provinsi Jambi dipilih sebagai lokasi penelitian karena memiliki perkebunan sawit rakyat yang luas, namun mengalami tingkat deforestasi yang tinggi, sementara basis data spasial yang akurat untuk mendukung program peremajaan sawit rakyat (PSR) masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pola spasial, keselarasan areal dan tipologi desa berdasarkan tingkat inkonsistensi keselarasan areal sawit rakyat, membandingkan hasilnya dengan EUDR serta mengidentifikasi areal potensial untuk peremajaan sawit rakyat. Penelitian ini menggunakan data spasial hasil deteksi kanopi sawit teknologi Optimal-IPB. Identifikasi pola spasial sawit rakyat menggunakan metode Nearest Neighbor Analysis. Keselarasan areal dinilai melalui analisis spasial (overlay) terhadap aspek konsesi perkebunan sawit, rencana rata ruang wilayah, kawasan hutan, moratorium gambut, kesatuan hidrologis gambut dan sempadan sungai. Tipologi desa berdasarkan tingkat inkonsistensi keselarasan areal diperoleh menggunakan metode spatial clustering. Perbandingan keselarasan areal dengan EUDR dilakukan melalui overlay terhadap peta acuan tutupan hutan EUDR, dan identifikasi areal potensial peremajaan sawit rakyat diperoleh melalui overlay antara data spasial tipologi desa berdasarkan tingkat inkonsistensi keselarasan areal dan tutupan hutan EUDR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perkebunan sawit rakyat di Kabupaten Tebo teridentifikasi seluas 85.792,15 ha (83,97% dari total luas sawit) dengan pola spasial mengelompok/clustered (nilai Nearest Neighbor Ratio rata-rata 0,577). Analisis keselarasan areal menunjukkan 55,82% sawit rakyat berada pada kategori selaras dan 44,18% tidak selaras, dengan aspek rencana tata ruang wilayah dan kawasan hutan sebagai aspek inkonsistensi tertinggi. Karakteristik desa berdasarkan tingkat inkonsistensi keselarasan areal menghasilkan tiga tipologi, yaitu tipologi 1 inkonsistensi tinggi (11 desa), tipologi 2 inkonsistensi sedang (25 desa), dan tipologi 3 inkonsistensi rendah (76 desa). Perbandingan dengan EUDR menunjukkan 98,76% areal sawit rakyat berada pada zona bebas deforestasi, sedangkan 1,24% teridentifikasi sebagai zona deforestasi yang berpotensi diajukan sanggahan. Temuan ini menjadi dasar identifikasi areal potensial untuk peremajaan sawit rakyat dalam tiga zona prioritas yang dapat mendukung Pemerintah Kabupaten Tebo dalam menargetkan program peremajaan sawit rakyat secara tepat sasaran sekaligus mempersiapkan diri menghadapi implementasi regulasi EUDR. Pendekatan berbasis data spasial presisi ini berpotensi direplikasi di wilayah lain di Indonesia untuk mendukung tata kelola perkebunan sawit yang berkelanjutan.

Indonesia, as the world's largest palm oil producer, faces a gap in comprehensive research on the conformity of smallholder oil palm plantation areas with permit requirements and environmental sustainability principles, particularly amid the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which requires palm oil products to be deforestation-free. Tebo Regency, Jambi Province, was selected as the study site because it has extensive smallholder oil palm plantations but experiences a high deforestation rate, while an accurate spatial database to support the smallholder replanting program (Peremajaan Sawit Rakyat/PSR) remains limited. This study aims to determine the spatial pattern, area conformity, and village typology based on the level of area non-conformity of smallholder oil palm plantations, to compare the results with EUDR, and to identify potential areas for smallholder replanting. The study used spatial data from oil palm canopy detection generated by the Optimal-IPB technology. The spatial pattern of smallholder oil palm plantations was identified using the Nearest Neighbor Analysis method. Area conformity was assessed through spatial (overlay) analysis of concession/permit data, regional spatial plan, forest areas, peatland moratorium, peat hydrological units and river buffer zones. The village typology based on the level of area non-conformity was derived using a spatial clustering analysis method. Area conformity was compared with EUDR requirements through an overlay with the EUDR reference forest cover map, and potential areas for oil palm replanting were identified through an overlay between the village typology spatial data and the EUDR forest cover map. The results show that smallholder oil palm plantations in Tebo Regency were identified covering 85,792.15 ha (83.97% of the total oil palm area) with a clustered spatial pattern (mean Nearest Neighbor Ratio of 0.577). Area conformity analysis found that 55.82% were categorized as conforming and 44.18% as non-conforming, with the regional spatial plan and forest area aspects as the highest sources of non-conformity. Villages were classified into three non-conformity typologies: high (11 villages), moderate (25 villages), and low (76 villages). Comparison with EUDR shows that 98.76% of smallholder oil palm areas fall within deforestation-free zones, while 1.24% were identified as deforested zones that could potentially be contested. These findings serve as the basis for identifying potential areas for oil palm replanting across three priority zones, which can support the Tebo Regency Government in targeting the smallholder replanting program effectively while preparing for the implementation of EUDR regulations. This precision spatial data approach has the potential to be replicated in other areas in Indonesia to support sustainable oil palm plantation governance.