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      Pola Spasial dan Status Keberlanjutan Perkebunan Sawit Rakyat Dalam Kawasan Hutan Di Kabupaten Tebo Provinsi Jambi

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Nugroho, Rama Andre
      Rustiadi, Ernan
      Rusdiana, Omo
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      Abstract
      Perkebunan sawit rakyat dalam kawasan hutan negara merupakan salah satu tantangan tata kelola lahan terbesar di Indonesia. Tumpang tindih antara penguasaan lahan oleh masyarakat dalam kawasan hutan telah menimbulkan permasalahan tenurial, ekologis, dan sosial yang kompleks. Di Kabupaten Tebo, Provinsi Jambi, keterbatasan basis data spasial yang akurat dan terkini menjadi hambatan utama dalam merumuskan strategi penyelesaian yang efektif. Upaya penyelesaian melalui penataan kawasan hutan, memerlukan data distribusi yang terverifikasi serta pemahaman menyeluruh tentang kondisi keberlanjutan perkebunan yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pola spasial perkebunan sawit rakyat yang berada dalam kawasan hutan di Kabupaten Tebo, serta menilai status keberlanjutan perkebunan tersebut berdasarkan dimensi ekologi, ekonomi, dan sosial pada setiap fungsi kawasan hutan. Identifikasi pola spasial dilakukan menggunakan Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA) yang diterapkan pada data titik kanopi pohon sawit dari basis data Optimal-IPB, yaitu hasil algoritma machine learning berbasis citra satelit resolusi tinggi multi-sumber periode 2017-2021. Analisis dilakukan pada sistem grid 3×3 km yang mencakup seluruh wilayah administrasi di Kabupaten Tebo, menghasilkan Nearest Neighbor Ratio (NNR) untuk setiap unit grid. Nilai NNR digunakan untuk membedakan perkebunan rakyat (pola terkluster, NNR < 1) dari perkebunan perusahaan (pola seragam, NNR > 1). Validasi klasifikasi dilakukan melalui tumpang susun spasial dengan data batas konsesi perizinan resmi dan konfirmasi lapangan di 14 desa sampel. Penilaian keberlanjutan dilakukan menggunakan Rapid Appraisal Procedure - Agroforestry Sustainability (RAP-AS), adaptasi dari kerangka RAPFISH berbasis Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). Sebanyak 18 atribut pada tiga dimensi dinilai untuk setiap fungsi kawasan hutan sebagai unit analisis, yaitu Kawasan Konservasi (KK), Hutan Lindung (HL), Hutan Produksi Terbatas (HPT), dan Hutan Produksi Tetap (HP). Data primer dikumpulkan melalui wawancara terstruktur terhadap 125 petani sawit rakyat di 14 desa pada lima kecamatan. Analisis dilengkapi dengan analisis leverage menggunakan perubahan Root Mean Square (RMS) dan simulasi Monte Carlo dengan 200 iterasi untuk memvalidasi ketangguhan hasil ordinasi. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa perkebunan sawit rakyat dalam kawasan hutan di Kabupaten Tebo mencapai luas 30.173,90 ha yang terdistribusi pada 45 desa di sembilan kecamatan. NNA mengkonfirmasi pola spasial yang sangat terkluster dengan NNR rata-rata 0,610 (Z-score -50,630; p < 0,001), berbeda nyata dari pola seragam perkebunan perusahaan (NNR 1,206). Distribusi sangat terkonsentrasi pada HP (90,92%), diikuti HPT (7,54%), HL (1,28%), dan KK (0,27%). Pada tingkat kecamatan, empat kecamatan yaitu Tengah Ilir, VII Koto, Sumay, dan VII Koto Ilir secara kolektif mencakup 68% dari total luas. Pada tingkat desa, lima desa yaitu Lubuk Mandarsah (16,73%), Balai Rajo (12,56%), Sako Makmur (8,54%), Pemayungan (7,88%), dan Sungai Keruh (6,42%) secara bersama-sama mencakup lebih dari 52% dari total luas. Sebesar 57,8% berada dalam areal konsesi PBPH dan hanya 9,6% yang telah memperoleh legalitas melalui skema Perhutanan Sosial, dan sebagian kecil (0,11%) tumpang tindih dengan areal Persetujuan Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan (PPKH) yang secara peruntukan diberikan untuk sektor pertambangan dan minyak dan gas bumi, bukan perkebunan. Penilaian keberlanjutan mengungkapkan variasi yang sistematis antar fungsi kawasan hutan. Pada dimensi ekologi, HP mencapai status berkelanjutan (76,49), HL cukup berkelanjutan (65,06), sedangkan HPT (42,91) dan KK (30,72) berada dalam kategori kurang berkelanjutan. Pada dimensi ekonomi, HP memperoleh indeks tertinggi (82,25, berkelanjutan) diikuti HPT (71,01, cukup berkelanjutan), sementara HL (49,08) dan KK (23,72) masih kurang berkelanjutan. Atribut paling sensitif pada dimensi ekologi adalah tutupan lahan (RMS 5,70), diikuti konservasi sempadan sungai (RMS 3,45) dan pengendalian OPT ramah lingkungan (RMS 3,45). Pada dimensi ekonomi, harga TBS menjadi atribut paling sensitif (RMS 3,69), diikuti sumber pendapatan petani (RMS 2,73). Pada dimensi sosial, ditemukan pola konvergensi nilai yang sangat rapat antara HL (56,00), HPT (56,28), dan HP (55,06), semuanya dalam kategori cukup berkelanjutan, sementara KK mencatat nilai sangat rendah (21,54, tidak berkelanjutan). Atribut frekuensi penyuluhan atau pembinaan menempati posisi leverage tertinggi dari seluruh atribut di semua dimensi (RMS 10,58), diikuti status sengketa lahan (RMS 7,58) dan kelembagaan petani (RMS 6,51). Pola konvergensi sosial lintas kawasan mengindikasikan bahwa ketiadaan kepastian tenurial formal merupakan faktor struktural tunggal yang mendasari rendahnya keberlanjutan sosial di semua fungsi kawasan non-konservasi. Validitas seluruh hasil ordinasi dikonfirmasi oleh simulasi Monte Carlo dengan penyimpangan di bawah 5% pada semua dimensi. Temuan penelitian ini memberikan implikasi kebijakan yang konkret. Pendekatan penyelesaian tenurial berbasis kluster spasial akan jauh lebih efisien dibandingkan intervensi merata, dengan lima desa teridentifikasi sebagai titik prioritas. HP dan HPT yang bersama-sama menampung lebih dari 98% dari total sawit rakyat dalam kawasan hutan, skema Perhutanan Sosial dan Perubahan Batas Kawasan Hutan merupakan instrumen yang tepat. Area yang tumpang tindih dengan konsesi PBPH dapat ditempuh melalui Kemitraan Kehutanan yang dapat dimediasi oleh unit KPH, sementara area yang tumpang tindih dengan PPKH memerlukan evaluasi kesesuaian pemanfaatan oleh pemegang izin sebelum mekanisme penyelesaian bagi petani dapat ditentukan. Kepastian tenurial diidentifikasi sebagai kondisi pemungkin tunggal yang memiliki daya ungkit paling besar terhadap perbaikan keberlanjutan secara simultan pada ketiga dimensi, sehingga penyelesaian tenurial harus menjadi prioritas kebijakan yang mendahului intervensi teknis lainnya.
       
      Smallholder oil palm plantations within state forest areas represent one of the largest land governance challenges in Indonesia. The overlap between community land occupation and forest area has generated complex tenurial, ecological, and social problems. In Tebo Regency, Jambi Province, the lack of accurate and current spatial databases is the primary obstacle to formulating effective resolution strategies. Resolution efforts through forest area restructuring, Social Forestry, and boundary adjustments require verified distribution data and a comprehensive understanding of the sustainability conditions of existing plantations. This study aimed to identify the spatial pattern of smallholder oil palm plantations within forest areas in Tebo Regency, and to assess the sustainability status of those plantations across the ecological, economic, and social dimensions for each forest function area. Spatial pattern identification was conducted using Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA) applied to oil palm canopy point data from the Optimal-IPB database, generated by a machine learning algorithm using multi-source high-resolution satellite imagery from the 2017-2021 period. Analysis was performed on a 3×3 km grid system covering the entire administrative in Tebo Regency, producing a Nearest Neighbor Ratio (NNR) for each grid unit. NNR values distinguished smallholder plantations (clustered pattern, NNR < 1) from company plantations (uniform pattern, NNR > 1). Classification validation was conducted through spatial overlay with official licensing concession boundary data and field confirmation in 14 sample villages. Sustainability assessment was conducted using the Rapid Appraisal Procedure - Agroforestry Sustainability (RAP-AS), an adaptation of the RAPFISH framework based on Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). A total of 18 attributes across three dimensions were assessed for each forest function area as the unit of analysis, comprising Conservation Forest (KK), Protection Forest (HL), Limited Production Forest (HPT), and Permanent Production Forest (HP). Primary data were collected through structured interviews with 125 smallholder oil palm farmers in 14 villages across five sub-districts. The analysis was complemented by leverage analysis using Root Mean Square (RMS) changes and Monte Carlo simulation with 200 iterations to validate the robustness of ordination results. Identification results showed that smallholder oil palm plantations within forest areas in Tebo Regency cover 30,173.90 ha distributed across 45 villages in nine sub-districts. NNA confirmed a highly clustered spatial pattern with a mean NNR of 0.610 (Z-score -50.630; p < 0.001), significantly different from the uniform pattern of company plantations (NNR 1.206). The distribution was heavily concentrated in HP (90.92%), followed by HPT (7.54%), HL (1.28%), and KK (0.27%). At the sub-district level, four sub-districts -- Tengah Ilir, VII Koto, Sumay, and VII Koto Ilir -- collectively covered 68% of the total area. At the village level, five villages -- Lubuk Mandarsah (16.73%), Balai Rajo (12.56%), Sako Makmur (8.54%), Pemayungan (7.88%), and Sungai Keruh (6.42%) -- collectively covered more than 52% of the total area. ome 57.8% overlap with PBPH concession areas, 9.6% have obtained legality through Social Forestry schemes, and a small portion (0.11%) overlap with Forest Area Utilization Approval (PPKH) areas designated for the mining and oil-and-gas sectors rather than plantation use. Sustainability assessment revealed systematic variation across forest function areas. On the ecological dimension, HP achieved sustainable status (76.49), HL was moderately sustainable (65.06), while HPT (42.91) and KK (30.72) were less sustainable. On the economic dimension, HP obtained the highest index (82.25, sustainable) followed by HPT (71.01, moderately sustainable), while HL (49.08) and KK (23.72) remained less sustainable. The most sensitive attribute on the ecological dimension was land cover (RMS 5.70), followed by riparian buffer conservation (RMS 3.45) and environmentally friendly pest control (RMS 3.45). On the economic dimension, fresh fruit bunch price was the most sensitive attribute (RMS 3.69), followed by farmer income sources (RMS 2.73). On the social dimension, the most notable finding was the convergence of values across HL (56.00), HPT (56.28), and HP (55.06), all moderately sustainable, while KK recorded a very low value (21.54, not sustainable). Extension and coaching frequency was the highest leverage attribute across all dimensions (RMS 10.58), followed by land tenure dispute status (RMS 7.58) and farmer institutional capacity (RMS 6.51). The cross-area social convergence pattern indicates that the absence of formal tenurial certainty is the single structural factor underlying low social sustainability across all non-conservation forest function areas. The validity of all ordination results was confirmed by Monte Carlo simulation with deviations below 5% across all dimensions. The findings carry concrete policy implications. A spatially cluster-based tenurial resolution approach will be far more efficient than uniform interventions, with five identified villages as priority entry points. For HP and HPT, which together hold more than 98% of the total smallholder oil palm within forest areas, Social Forestry schemes and Forest Area Boundary Adjustment are the appropriate instruments. For areas overlapping with PBPH concessions, Forestry Partnership mechanisms mediated by KPH units represent the applicable pathway, while areas overlapping with PPKH require an evaluation of land-use compliance by the permit holder before a resolution mechanism for the affected farmers can be determined. Land tenure certainty is identified as the single enabling condition with the greatest leverage on simultaneous sustainability improvement across all three dimensions, such that tenurial resolution must be the policy priority that precedes other technical interventions.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/179972
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      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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