Struktur Pasar dan Daya Saing Ekspor Kapulaga Indonesia ke Kawasan Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur

Abstract

Kapulaga merupakan komoditas ekspor biofarmaka andalan Indonesia. Akan tetapi, kinerjanya di kawasan Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur berfluktuasi akibat ketatnya persaingan dan tingginya konsentrasi pasar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur pasar dan daya saing serta menentukan pengembangan pasar ekspor kapulaga Indonesia ke kawasan Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), dan X-Model Potential Export Products dengan data pada periode 2014–2025. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur pasar kapulaga di Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur berbentuk oligopoli dengan sedikit anggota dan tingkat konsentrasi pasar yang tinggi. Kapulaga Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif yang jauh lebih kuat di pasar Asia Timur dibandingkan dengan Asia Tenggara. Berdasarkan klasterisasi X-Model Potential Export Products, pasar Asia Timur direkomendasikan untuk menjadi fokus kawasan tujuan utama bagi pengembangan ekspor kapulaga Indonesia pada saat ini.

Cardamom is Indonesia's leading biopharmaceutical export commodity. However, its performance in the Southeast Asian and East Asian regions fluctuates due to intense competition and high market concentration. This study aims to analyze the market structure and competitiveness, as well as to determine the market development of Indonesian cardamom exports to the Southeast Asian and East Asian regions. This research uses the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), and X-Model Potential Export Products methods, utilizing data from the 2014–2025 period. The results indicate that the cardamom market structure in Southeast Asia and East Asia is an oligopoly with few members and a high level of market concentration. Indonesian cardamom has a significantly stronger comparative and competitive advantage in the East Asian market compared to Southeast Asia. Based on the X-Model Potential Export Products clustering, the East Asian market is recommended as the primary target region focus for the development of Indonesian cardamom exports at present.