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      Pengaruh Konsumsi Energi Terbarukan Tenaga Air dan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

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      Date
      2026
      Jenis/Type
      Tesis
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      Theses
      Author
      Firjatullah, Annisa
      Wijayanti, Pini
      Novindra
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      Abstract
      Perubahan iklim menjadi tantangan global yang semakin diperparah oleh meningkatnya emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) dari sektor energi yang masih didominasi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil. Sektor energi di Indonesia merupakan penyumbang emisi GRK terbesar akibat tingginya ketergantungan pada batu bara sebagai sumber utama pembangkit listrik. Kebutuhan energi terus meningkat seiring pertumbuhan ekonomi, industrialisasi, dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kondisi tersebut mendorong pemerintah Indonesia mempercepat transisi energi melalui pengembangan energi terbarukan sebagai upaya menekan emisi GRK sekaligus mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pencapaian target pembangunan berkelanjutan. Meskipun demikian, pemanfaatan energi terbarukan di Indonesia masih relatif rendah dibandingkan potensi yang dimiliki, serta menghadapi berbagai kendala berupa keterbatasan investasi, regulasi, kelembagaan, dan infrastruktur. Energi terbarukan tenaga air merupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang memiliki potensi besar untuk mendukung transisi energi di Indonesia karena mampu menyediakan pasokan listrik yang stabil sekaligus berkontribusi terhadap penurunan emisi GRK. Hubungan antara konsumsi energi terbarukan tenaga air, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan emisi GRK masih menunjukkan hasil yang beragam pada berbagai penelitian terdahulu. Perbedaan tersebut melahirkan berbagai hipotesis mengenai hubungan energi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, yaitu growth hypothesis, conservation hypothesis, feedback hypothesis, dan neutrality hypothesis, serta belum memberikan kepastian mengenai keberadaan Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) di Indonesia. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan perlunya kajian empiris yang mampu menjelaskan hubungan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, hubungan kausalitas, serta keberadaan hipotesis EKC dalam konteks transisi energi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran konsumsi energi terbarukan tenaga air dalam dinamika hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan emisi GRK di Indonesia serta menilai implikasinya terhadap pencapaian pembangunan berkelanjutan. Secara khusus, penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang antara konsumsi energi terbarukan tenaga air, emisi GRK, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, menguji hubungan kausalitas di antara ketiga variabel tersebut, serta menganalisis keberadaan hipotesis EKC dalam hubungan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan emisi GRK di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan Extended Solow Model sebagai kerangka analisis untuk menjelaskan keterkaitan antara konsumsi energi terbarukan tenaga air, emisi GRK, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian, digunakan tiga metode analisis. Pertama, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang antarvariabel. Kedua, uji kausalitas Granger digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi arah hubungan kausalitas antara konsumsi energi terbarukan tenaga air, emisi GRK, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Ketiga, hipotesis EKC diestimasi menggunakan model ARDL dengan spesifikasi polinomial kuadrat untuk menganalisis hubungan nonlinier antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan emisi GRK di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian pada tujuan pertama menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi energi terbarukan tenaga air berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam jangka panjang, tetapi tidak berpengaruh signifikan dalam jangka pendek. Sementara itu, emisi GRK tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam jangka panjang, sedangkan dalam jangka pendek variabel tersebut tidak menghasilkan komponen perubahan dalam model karena memiliki lag optimal nol. Temuan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi ekonomi dari pemanfaatan energi tenaga air lebih terlihat dalam jangka panjang, sementara keterkaitan antara emisi GRK dan pertumbuhan ekonomi belum menunjukkan hubungan yang konsisten pada hubungan jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Hasil penelitian pada tujuan kedua menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan kausalitas antara konsumsi energi terbarukan tenaga air dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Hubungan keduanya mendukung hipotesis netralitas (neutrality hypothesis). Sementara itu, terdapat kausalitas dua arah (bidirectional causality) antara emisi GRK dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, yang menunjukkan bahwa perubahan emisi GRK menyebabkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan sebaliknya. Hasil penelitian pada tujuan ketiga menunjukkan adanya indikasi pola EKC di Indonesia dalam jangka panjang, yang ditunjukkan oleh hubungan berbentuk U terbalik (inverted U-shape) antara GDP riil per kapita dan emisi GRK. Meskipun koefisien GDP riil per kapita dan komponen kuadratiknya menunjukkan arah yang konsisten dengan pola EKC, dukungan statistik terhadap pola tersebut masih relatif terbatas karena koefisien kuadratik signifikan pada taraf nyata 15%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa proses transisi menuju pembangunan rendah karbon di Indonesia masih berlangsung dan belum sepenuhnya terwujud. Implikasi penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pencapaian pembangunan berkelanjutan memerlukan penguatan implementasi kebijakan transisi energi yang telah berkembang di Indonesia selama periode 2005-2024. Pengembangan energi terbarukan tenaga air perlu dipercepat melalui pembangunan infrastruktur, penyederhanaan perizinan, peningkatan akses pembiayaan, serta penguatan jaringan transmisi dan distribusi listrik. Dalam memperkuat keterkaitan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca, dapat dilakukan melalui penguatan investasi hijau dan implementasi kebijakan dekarbonisasi melalui peningkatan pemanfaatan energi terbarukan, pengembangan teknologi rendah karbon, penguatan sistem Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV), serta optimalisasi Nilai Ekonomi Karbon (NEK).
       
      Climate change constitutes a significant global challenge, intensified by rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originating from the energy sector, which remains predominantly reliant on fossil fuels. In Indonesia, the energy sector represents the principal source of GHG emissions, primarily due to its dependence on coal for electricity generation. Concurrently, energy demand continues to escalate in tandem with economic growth, industrialization, and enhancements in living standards. In response, the Indonesian government has sought to expedite the energy transition by advancing the development of renewable energy sources to mitigate GHG emissions while fostering economic growth and sustainable development. However, the deployment of renewable energy in Indonesia remains substantially below its potential, constrained by investment, regulatory, institutional, and infrastructural barriers. Hydropower represents a renewable energy source with considerable potential to facilitate Indonesia’s energy transition by providing a reliable electricity supply and contributing to the reduction of GHG emissions. Nonetheless, extant literature has yielded inconclusive findings regarding the relationships among hydropower consumption, economic growth, and GHG emissions. These divergent results have given rise to several competing hypotheses within the energy–growth nexus, including the growth, conservation, feedback, and neutrality hypotheses. Furthermore, evidence supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Indonesia remains ambiguous. This situation underscores the necessity for empirical investigations capable of rigorously examining both short- and long run relationships, causal pathways, and the EKC within the context of Indonesia’s ongoing energy transition. This study seeks to examine the role of hydropower consumption within the relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia and to evaluate the implications for sustainable development. In particular, the research investigates both short- and long-run relationships among hydropower consumption, GHG emissions, and economic growth; explores the causal linkages among these variables; and evaluates the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis as it pertains to the relationship between economic growth and GHG emissions in Indonesia. The research utilizes the Extended Solow Model as the analytical framework to elucidate the interrelationships among hydropower consumption, GHG emissions, and economic growth in Indonesia. To address the research objectives, three analytical methods are employed. First, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach is utilized to assess both short- and long-run relationships among the variables. Second, the Granger causality test is conducted to determine the directionality of causality among hydropower consumption, GHG emissions, and economic growth. Third, the EKC hypothesis is tested using an ARDL model with a quadratic polynomial specification to analyze the nonlinear association between economic growth and GHG emissions in Indonesia. The initial empirical finding demonstrates that hydropower consumption exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth in the long run, while its effect is not significant in the short run. Conversely, GHG emissions do not exhibit a significant effect on economic growth in the long run, and the short run change term for GHG emissions is omitted from the model due to an optimal lag length of zero. These results suggest that the economic benefits derived from hydropower consumption are more pronounced over the long term, whereas the association between GHG emissions and economic growth lacks statistical significance in the long run. The subsequent finding indicates the absence of a causal relationship between hydropower consumption and economic growth, thereby supporting the neutrality hypothesis. In contrast, a bidirectional causal relationship is identified between GHG emissions and economic growth, indicating that GHG emissions Grangercause economic growth, and economic growth also Granger-causes variations in GHG emissions. The third empirical finding provides evidence of an EKC pattern in Indonesia over the long run, manifested as an inverted U-shaped relationship between real GDP per capita and GHG emissions. Nevertheless, the statistical support for this pattern is relatively limited, as the quadratic term of real GDP per capita achieves statistical significance at the 15 percent level. These observations imply that Indonesia's progress toward low-carbon development remains ongoing and has yet to reach full realization. The findings suggest that the attainment of sustainable development necessitates the reinforcement of Indonesia’s energy transition policies formulated during 2005–2024. Acceleration of hydropower development should be pursued through expanded infrastructure, streamlined licensing processes, improved financing accessibility, and strengthened electricity transmission and distribution networks. Additionally, the enhancement of green investment and decarbonization policies—through increased utilization of renewable energy, advancement of low carbon technologies, improved Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) systems, and optimized implementation of Carbon Economic Value—will further strengthen the nexus between economic growth and reductions in GHG emissions
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/179467
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