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      Disertasi a.n Eltis Panca Ningsih (A2602221005)

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      Date
      2026
      Jenis/Type
      Disertasi
      Subtype
      Dissertations
      Author
      Ningsih, Eltis Panca
      Santosa, Edi
      Sudradjat
      Agusta, Herdhata
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      Abstract
      Jagung manis (Zea mays L. saccharata) merupakan komoditas hortikultura yang memiliki peran penting sebagai sumber pangan, bahan baku pakan ternak, serta komoditas bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Namun, peningkatan produktivitas jagung manis di lapangan belum mencapai potensi genetiknya. Salah satu faktor pembatas disebabkan oleh keterbatasan ketersediaan hara esensial di dalam tanah khususnya kalium. Ketergantungan terhadap pupuk kalium anorganik menghadapi tantangan terutama fluktuasi harga dan ketergantungan impor yang tinggi di negara berkembang, seperti Indonesia. Hal tersebut mendorong perlunya eksplorasi sumber hara alternatif yang lebih ekonomis dan berkelanjutan. Salah satu solusi yang potensial adalah pemanfaatan limbah industri, seperti FABA (Fly Ash dan Bottom Ash). Penelitian terdiri atas lima percobaan, yaitu: (1) Analisis eksudat akar pada berbagai pH media; (2) Proporsi FABA yang berbeda terhadap pencucian N, P, dan K pada media tanam; (3) Evaluasi dosis FABA dan KCl pada tanaman jagung manis; (4) Perlakuan dosis pupuk kandang sapi dan FABA pada kandungan logam berat tanaman jagung manis dan (5) Uji efektivitas dosis KCl, FABA dan pupuk kandang sapi pada produktivitas dan kualitas tanaman jagung manis di lapang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengidentifikasi jenis senyawa eksudat akar jagung pada berbagai pH media; (2) Mengevaluasi proporsi FABA yang berbeda terhadap pencucian N, P, dan K pada media tanam; (3) Meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman jagung manis dengan aplikasi FABA dan pupuk KCl; (4) Mempelajari efektifitas penggunaan pupuk kandang sapi untuk mengatasi logam berat pada tanaman jagung manis; dan (5) Uji efektivitas pengunaan KCl, FABA dan pupuk kandang sapi pada produktivitas dan kualitas tanaman jagung manis di lapang. Pada penelitian tahap 1, pH terbukti menjadi faktor yang penting yang mengontrol performa tanaman. Kondisi pH 6.0 – 7.0 mendukung pertumbuhan optimal, sementara pH ekstrem (asam maupun basa) menurunkan pertumbuhan, laju fotosintesis, konduktansi stomata, dan transpirasi. Respon ini juga diikuti oleh peningkatan eksudat akar, khususnya fatty acids dan carboxylic acids yang mengindikasikan adanya mekanisme adaptasi fisiologis terhadap stress lingkungan. Hal ini menegaskan bahwa eksudat akar berpotensi sebagai biomarker respons tanaman terhadap stress lingkungan serta mediator rekayasa rhizosfer. Selanjutnya pada tahap 2, aplikasi FABA berperan sebagai amandemen tanah dan sumber hara mineral dengan batas maksimum proporsi 25-50% terhadap tanah. Peningkatan proporsi FABA hingga batas tertentu (25-50%) mampu memperbaiki sifat kimia tanah melalui peningkatan pH dan ketersediaan N, P, dan K. Namun, pada proporsi yang tinggi menurunkan pertumbuhan tanaman secara signifikan, serta meningkatkan resiko kehilangan hara, khususnya nitrogen melalui pencucian. Penurunan pencucian K menunjukkan bahwa K dalam bentuk mineral dalam FABA berfungsi sebagai sumber K slow release (lambat tersedia). Temuan ini memperjelas bahwa FABA tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai amandemen tanah sekaligus sebagai sumber hara K esensial. Integrasi antara pupuk kalium dengan FABA pada tahap 3 menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi pupuk kalium + FABA dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan, efisensi pemanfaatan hara, fotosintesis, serta kualitas hasil (kandungan gula dan pati) serta memperbaiki sifat kimia tanah (meningkatkan pH dan ketersediaan hara N, P, K). Kombinasi pupuk K 30 kg ha-1 + FABA 2.5 ton ha-1 dapat mensubstitusi dosis pupuk K 60 kg ha-1, serta menghasilkan konsentrasi total Al dan logam berat (As, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, dan Fe) yang lebih kecil pada tanah dan seluruh organ tanaman, baik organ vegetatif (akar, batang, dan daun) maupun organ reproduktif (bunga jantan, putik, dan biji), dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol. Respon varietas yang berbeda (Bonanza vs Kumala) menegaskan pentingnya interaksi genotip, lingkungan serta nutrisi dalam menentukan efisiensi penggunaan hara dan produktivitas tanaman. Varietas Bonanza lebih responsif dengan pemberian FABA dibandingkan dengan Kumala. Pada tahap 4, kombinasi FABA dan pupuk kandang sapi menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan pada kualitas tanah dan tanaman. Kombinasi FABA 5 ton ha-1 + pupuk kandang sapi dengan dosis 5-10 ton ha-1 berpengaruh positif terhadap kesuburan tanah, pertumbuhan, laju fotosintesis, hasil tanaman serta menghasilkan konsentrasi total Al dan logam berat (As, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, dan Fe) yang lebih kecil pada tanaman meliputi organ vegetatif (akar, batang, daun) maupun organ reproduktif (bunga jantan, putik, biji), hingga As, Pb, dan Cd tidak terdeteksi pada organ reproduktif. Kombinasi ini tidak hanya meningkatkan pH dan ketersediaan hara (N, P, K) dalam tanah tetapi juga menghasilkan konsentrasi total Al dan logam berat (As, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, dan Fe) yang lebih kecil dibandingkan perlakuan kontrol. Hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa kombinasi FABA + pupuk kandang sapi berkontribusi terhadap berkurangnya perpindahan Al dan logam berat dari tanah ke tanaman, sehingga konsentrasi total logam berat pada organ tanaman menjadi lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol serta meningkatkan kualitas hasil (kandungan gula dan pati) melalui peningkatan laju fotosintesis dan alokasi karbon. Pada tahap 5, mengintegrasikan aplikasi pupuk kalium, FABA dan pupuk kandang sapi untuk melihat respon jagung manis. Pada tahap ini mendukung temuan sebelumnya dengan menggunakan dosis terbaik pada penelitian sebelumnya untuk uji lapang. Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi FABA dengan pupuk kalium (K) mampu mempertahankan pertumbuhan dan produktivitas meskipun dosis pupuk K dikurangi hingga 50%. Kombinasi pupuk kalium 30 kg ha-1 + FABA 2.5 ton ha-1 meningkatkan pertumbuhan, hasil dan kandungan biokimia (pati, protein, lemak dan serat kasar) pada jagung manis, meskipun berbeda tidak nyata dengan dosis pupuk kalium 60 kg ha-1. Kombinasi kalium 30 kg ha-1 + FABA 2.5 ton ha-1 dapat berpotensi mensubtitusi kalium 60 kg ha-1. Disamping itu, konsentrasi Pb di akar, berangkasan dan biji meningkat pada perlakuan yang tidak diberikan FABA. Oleh karena itu, FABA berpotensi sebagai amandemen tanah dan sumber hara kalium esensial dengan dosis yang tepat sehingga lebih aman secara lingkungan dan pangan. Kebaruan disertasi ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan FABA, pupuk kalium, dan pupuk kandang dapat menjadi strategi pemupukan yang seimbang pada tanaman jagung manis. FABA dapat digunakan pada tanaman jagung manis dengan hasil yang tinggi dibandingkan tanpa FABA. Penggunaan FABA yang dikombinasikan dengan pupuk kandang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi pemanfaatan hara, meningkatkan hasil dan kualitas (brix dan gula) hasil tanaman jagung manis.
       
      Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) is an important horticultural commodity used as a food source, livestock feed ingredient, and high-value agricultural product. However, sweet corn productivity under field conditions often remains below its genetic potential. One of the major constraints is the limited availability of essential nutrients in the soil, particularly potassium (K). Dependence on inorganic K fertilizers presents substantial challenges, particularly due to price fluctuations and heavy reliance on imported fertilizers in developing countries such as Indonesia. These conditions highlight the need to explore more economical and sustainable alternative nutrient sources. One promising approach is the agricultural utilization of industrial by-products, particularly fly ash and bottom ash (FABA). This research consisted of five experiments: (1) analysis of root exudates under different growth-medium pH levels; (2) evaluation of different FABA proportions on N, P, and K leaching from the growing medium; (3) evaluation of FABA and KCl application rates in sweet corn; (4) assessment of cow manure and FABA application rates on heavy-metal concentrations in sweet corn plants; and (5) field evaluation of the effectiveness of KCl, FABA, and cow manure on the productivity and quality of sweet corn. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify root-exudate compounds produced by sweet corn under different medium pH conditions; (2) evaluate the effects of different FABA proportions on N, P, and K leaching from the growing medium; (3) improve sweet corn growth and yield through the application of FABA and KCl fertilizer; (4) examine the effectiveness of cow manure in reducing heavy-metal accumulation in sweet corn plants; and (5) evaluate the effectiveness of KCl, FABA, and cow manure in improving sweet corn productivity and quality under field conditions. In the first experiment, pH was demonstrated to be a major factor controlling plant performance. A pH range of 6.0–7.0 supported optimal growth, whereas extreme acidic and alkaline conditions reduced plant growth, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. These responses were accompanied by increased root exudate production, particularly of fatty and carboxylic acids, indicating activation of physiological adaptation mechanisms under environmental stress. These findings demonstrate that root exudates have potential as physiological biomarkers of plant responses to environmental stress and as mediators in rhizosphere engineering and management. In the second experiment, FABA functioned as both a soil amendment and a source of mineral nutrients, with an optimal proportion of 25–50% relative to the soil-based growing medium. Increasing the FABA proportion within this range improved soil chemical properties by increasing soil pH and the availability of N, P, and K. However, higher FABA proportions significantly reduced plant growth and increased the risk of nutrient losses, particularly N loss through leaching. In contrast, lower K leaching suggested that the mineral K contained in FABA was released gradually and therefore functioned as a slow-release K source. These findings confirm that FABA can serve not only as a soil amendment but also as an alternative source of essential K. In the third experiment, the integration of K fertilizer with FABA improved plant growth, nutrient-use efficiency, photosynthesis, and yield quality (including sugar and starch concentrations), as well as soil chemical properties, through increases in pH and in the availability of N, P, and K. The combination of 30 kg ha? ¹ K2 O and 2.5 t ha? ¹ FABA had the potential to substitute for 60 kg ha? ¹ K2 O. This combination also resulted in lower total concentrations of Al and heavy metals, including As, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Fe, in the soil and throughout the plant, encompassing vegetative organs such as roots, stems, and leaves, as well as reproductive organs such as tassels, silks, and kernels, compared with the control treatment. Differences in the responses of Bonanza and Kumala further emphasized the importance of genotype × environment × nutrient interactions in determining nutrient-use efficiency and plant productivity. Bonanza was more responsive to the FABA application than Kumala. In the fourth experiment, the combination of FABA and cow manure significantly improved soil and plant quality. The application of 5 t ha? ¹ FABA combined with 5–10 t ha? ¹ cow manure positively affected soil fertility, plant growth, photosynthetic rate, and yield, while producing lower total concentrations of Al and heavy metals, including As, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Fe, in vegetative organs such as roots, stems, and leaves, as well as reproductive organs such as tassels, silks, and kernels. Moreover, As, Pb, and Cd were not detected in the reproductive organs. This combination increased soil pH and the availability of N, P, and K while simultaneously reducing concentrations of Al and heavy metals compared with the control treatment. These results indicate that the combined application of FABA and cow manure reduced the transfer of Al and heavy metals from soil to plant tissues, thereby lowering their concentrations in plant organs. This treatment also improved product quality, particularly sugar and starch concentrations, through enhanced photosynthesis and carbon allocation. In the fifth experiment, K fertilizer, FABA, and cow manure were integrated under field conditions to evaluate sweet corn response at the most effective rates identified in the preceding experiments. The results supported the previous findings by demonstrating that the combination of FABA and K fertilizer maintained plant growth and productivity even when the K fertilizer rate was reduced by 50%. The application of 30 kg ha? ¹ K2 O combined with 2.5 t ha? ¹ FABA improved growth, yield, and biochemical composition, including starch, protein, fat, and crude-fiber contents, although these responses were not significantly different from those obtained with 60 kg ha? ¹ K2 O. Therefore, the combination of 30 kg ha? ¹ K2 O and 2.5 t ha? ¹ FABA has the potential to substitute for 60 kg ha? ¹ K2 O. In addition, Pb concentrations in the roots, aboveground biomass, and kernels were higher in treatments without FABA. These findings demonstrate that, when applied at an appropriate rate, FABA has potential as both a soil amendment and an alternative source of essential K, while supporting environmental and food-safety considerations. The novelty of this dissertation shows that the use of FABA, potassium fertilizer, and manure can be a balanced fertilization strategy for sweet corn plants. FABA can be used on sweet corn plants and produces higher yields than treatments without FABA. The use of FABA combined with manure can increase nutrient-use efficiency and improve the yield and quality (brix and sugar) of sweet corn.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/179095
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