Tingkat Adopsi Pengelolaan Benih dan Tanaman Padi Sehat dan Faktor Penentunya di Kabupaten Bogor

Abstract

Ketahanan pangan nasional menghadapi berbagai tantangan, antara lain keterbatasan lahan, perubahan iklim, kelangkaan input, dan kebutuhan peningkatan efisiensi usaha tani. Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu (PTT) merupakan salah satu pendekatan budidaya yang dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, efisiensi penggunaan sumber daya, dan keberlanjutan usaha tani padi. Salah satu komponen penting PTT adalah Pengelolaan Benih dan Tanaman Padi Sehat (PBTPH) yang mencakup penggunaan benih unggul bermutu, penggunaan bibit muda, sistem tanam jajar legowo, dan pengairan berselang. Meskipun PBTPH telah diperkenalkan melalui program Sekolah Lapang Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu (SL PTT), penerapannya di tingkat petani masih menunjukkan variasi. Perbedaan karakteristik petani, kinerja penyuluhan, persepsi terhadap karakteristik inovasi, dukungan lingkungan, dan dukungan penyuluhan diduga memengaruhi tingkat adopsi PBTPH dan keberlanjutan usaha tani padi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) menganalisis karakteristik petani, kinerja penyuluhan sekolah lapang, persepsi petani terhadap karakteristik inovasi, dukungan lingkungan, dan dukungan penyuluhan dalam penerapan PBTPH di Kabupaten Bogor, (2) menganalisis tingkat adopsi PBTPH oleh petani di Kabupaten Bogor, (3) menganalisis keberlanjutan usaha tani padi di Kabupaten Bogor, (4) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat adopsi PBTPH, dan (5) menganalisis faktor faktor yang memengaruhi keberlanjutan usaha tani padi di Kabupaten Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Jonggol dan Tanjungsari, Kabupaten Bogor, yang merupakan wilayah sentra produksi padi dan lokasi pelaksanaan program SL-PTT. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis explanatory research yang diperkuat dengan data kualitatif hasil wawancara dan observasi. Populasi penelitian terdiri atas petani peserta SL-PTT yang tergabung dalam sembilan kelompok tani dengan jumlah 592 petani. Berdasarkan perhitungan G*Power, kebutuhan minimum sampel adalah 85 responden, sedangkan jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 105 petani. Responden dipilih menggunakan teknik proportional random sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner, observasi, dan wawancara mendalam dengan informan kunci. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif, analisis komparatif, dan Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), sedangkan data kualitatif digunakan untuk memperkuat interpretasi hasil penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa petani padi di Kecamatan Jonggol dan Tanjungsari didominasi oleh petani berusia tua dengan pengalaman berusaha tani yang relatif lama. Tingkat pendidikan formal, luas lahan, dan pendapatan usaha tani relatif rendah, sedangkan motivasi berinovasi tergolong tinggi dan paparan informasi berada pada tingkat sedang. Kinerja penyuluhan sekolah lapang dinilai cukup baik, iv persepsi petani terhadap karakteristik inovasi tergolong positif, serta dukungan lingkungan dan dukungan penyuluhan dinilai cukup mendukung penerapan PBTPH. Tingkat adopsi PBTPH di Kecamatan Jonggol dan Tanjungsari secara umum berada pada kategori tinggi. Sebagian besar petani telah menerapkan komponen PBTPH, meskipun penerapannya tidak selalu mengikuti rekomendasi teknis secara utuh. Petani cenderung menyesuaikan penerapan inovasi dengan kondisi lahan, ketersediaan tenaga kerja, kemampuan modal, dan pengalaman berusaha tani. Penggunaan benih unggul bermutu, bibit muda, dan pengairan berselang relatif tinggi, sedangkan penerapan sistem tanam jajar legowo masih lebih beragam. Keberlanjutan usaha tani padi di kedua wilayah berada pada kategori sedang hingga tinggi. Aspek sosial dan ekonomi menunjukkan kondisi yang relatif lebih baik, sedangkan aspek lingkungan masih memerlukan perhatian. Kondisi keberlanjutan usaha tani padi di kedua wilayah relatif serupa secara statistik, meskipun terdapat kecenderungan perbedaan kondisi di lapangan. Hasil analisis model struktural menunjukkan bahwa tingkat adopsi PBTPH dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh karakteristik petani, kinerja penyuluhan sekolah lapang, persepsi petani terhadap karakteristik inovasi, dukungan lingkungan, dan dukungan penyuluhan. Karakteristik petani, kinerja penyuluhan sekolah lapang, persepsi terhadap karakteristik inovasi, dan dukungan lingkungan berpengaruh positif terhadap tingkat adopsi PBTPH, sedangkan dukungan penyuluhan menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan dengan arah negatif. Dukungan lingkungan menjadi faktor yang paling dominan dalam memengaruhi tingkat adopsi PBTPH. Sementara itu, keberlanjutan usaha tani padi dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh kinerja penyuluhan sekolah lapang, persepsi petani terhadap karakteristik inovasi, dan dukungan lingkungan. Kinerja penyuluhan sekolah lapang dan dukungan lingkungan berpengaruh positif, sedangkan persepsi petani terhadap karakteristik inovasi menunjukkan pengaruh negatif. Karakteristik petani, dukungan penyuluhan, dan tingkat adopsi PBTPH tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keberlanjutan usaha tani. Dukungan lingkungan menjadi faktor yang paling dominan dalam mendukung keberlanjutan usaha tani. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberlanjutan usaha tani tidak hanya ditentukan oleh tingkat penerapan PBTPH, tetapi juga oleh kualitas proses pembelajaran melalui sekolah lapang dan kondisi lingkungan usaha tani yang mendukung. Tingkat adopsi PBTPH yang tinggi belum secara otomatis menghasilkan keberlanjutan usaha tani, karena keberlanjutan juga berkaitan dengan kemampuan petani memperoleh sarana produksi, akses pasar, dukungan kelembagaan, serta menyesuaikan praktik budidaya dengan kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan. Dengan demikian, peningkatan keberlanjutan usaha tani padi perlu diarahkan pada penguatan kinerja penyuluhan sekolah lapang dan dukungan lingkungan usaha tani secara bersamaan.

National food security faces various challenges, including land limitations, climate change, input scarcity, and the need to improve farming efficiency. Integrated Crop Management (PTT) is a cultivation approach developed to enhance productivity, resource-use efficiency, and the sustainability of rice farming. A key component of PTT is Healthy Rice Seed and Crop Management (PBTPH), which encompasses the use of high-quality superior seeds, young seedlings, the jajar legowo planting system, and intermittent irrigation. Although PBTPH has been introduced through the Integrated Crop Management Field School (SL-PTT) program, its implementation at the farmer level varies. Differences in farmer characteristics, extension performance, perceptions of innovation characteristics, environmental support, and extension support are hypothesized to influence the adoption level of PBTPH and the sustainability of rice farming. The objectives of this study are to: (1) analyze farmer characteristics, field school extension performance, farmers' perceptions of innovation characteristics, environmental support, and extension support regarding PBTPH implementation in Bogor Regency; (2) analyze the adoption level of PBTPH among farmers in Bogor Regency; (3) analyze the sustainability of rice farming in Bogor Regency; (4) analyze the factors influencing the adoption level of PBTPH; and (5) analyze the factors influencing the sustainability of rice farming in Bogor Regency. The study was conducted in Jonggol and Tanjungsari Districts, Bogor Regency, areas that serve as rice-production hubs and sites for the SL-PTT program. A quantitative explanatory research approach was employed, supplemented by qualitative data from in-depth interviews. The study population consisted of 592 farmers participating in the SL-PTT program across nine farmer groups. Based on G*Power calculations, the minimum required sample size was 85 respondents, while the actual sample used comprised 105 farmers. Respondents were selected using proportional random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires, observation, and in-depth interviews with key informants. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), while qualitative data were used to reinforce the interpretation of the research findings. The results indicate that the rice farmers in Jonggol and Tanjungsari Districts were predominantly older individuals with extensive farming experience. Formal education levels, land area, and farm income were relatively low, whereas innovation motivation was high, and information exposure was at a moderate level. The performance of the field school extension services was rated as good, farmers' perceptions of innovation characteristics were positive, and both environmental and extension support were considered conducive to the adoption of PBTPH. The adoption rate of PBTPH in Jonggol and Tanjungsari Districts generally fell into vi the high category. Most farmers had implemented PBTPH components, although implementation did not always strictly adhere to technical recommendations. Farmers tended to adapt the innovation to their land conditions, labor availability, capital capacity, and farming experience. The use of high-quality superior seeds, young seedlings, and intermittent irrigation was relatively high, whereas the adoption of the jajar legowo planting system showed greater variation. The sustainability of rice farming in both areas ranged from moderate to high. Social and economic aspects showed relatively better conditions, while environmental aspects still required attention. Statistically, the sustainability status of rice farming in both areas was relatively similar, despite observed tendencies toward differences in actual field conditions. Structural model analysis results indicate that the adoption rate of PBTPH is significantly influenced by farmer characteristics, the performance of field school extension services, farmers' perceptions of innovation characteristics, environmental support, and extension support. Farmer characteristics, field school extension performance, perceptions of innovation characteristics, and environmental support positively influence the PBTPH adoption rate, whereas extension support shows a significant negative influence. Environmental support emerges as the most dominant factor influencing the PBTPH adoption rate. Meanwhile, the sustainability of rice farming is significantly influenced by field school extension performance, farmers' perceptions of innovation characteristics, and environmental support. Field school extension performance and environmental support have a positive influence, while farmers' perceptions of innovation characteristics show a negative influence. Farmer characteristics, extension support, and the PBTPH adoption rate do not significantly affect farming sustainability. Environmental support is the dominant factor in fostering sustainable farming. The research findings demonstrate that farming sustainability is determined not only by the level of PBTPH implementation but also by the quality of the learning process through field schools and supportive farming environmental conditions. A high rate of PBTPH adoption does not automatically result in farming sustainability, as sustainability also depends on farmers' ability to acquire production inputs, access markets, and secure institutional support, as well as their capacity to adapt cultivation practices to social, economic, and environmental conditions. Therefore, efforts to enhance the sustainability of rice farming should focus on simultaneously strengthening field school extension performance and environmental support.