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      RELATIONSHIP OF CD4 PROTEINS ACROSS FISHES AND OTHER VERTEBRATES THROUGH PHYLOGENETIC TREE ANALYSIS AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN DOMAIN PREDICTION

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      FAUZI, MUHAMAD DAFA
      Widarto, Tri Heru
      Widayati, Kanthi Arum
      Singchat, Worapong
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      Abstract
      The adaptive immune system in vertebrates produces specific responses against pathogens and forms immunological memory. In this system, a specific glycoprotein named the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) supports T cells in regulating immune responses and recognizing antigens from the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II). This study explored the protein-based relationships among 254 amino acid sequences of CD4 homologs across vertebrates, including 77 tetrapod CD4 sequences, 104 fish CD4-1 sequences, and 73 fish CD4-2 sequences, by analyzing the Neighbour-Joining phylogenetic relationships and predicting immunoglobulin domain (IG domain) structure using SMART analysis. Additionally, this study uses LAG3 protein as an external homolog as an outgroup. The phylogeny shows that most tetrapod CD4 sequences form a sister group to most fish CD4-1 and CD4-2 sequences. Both fish CD4-1 and CD4-2 show four sub-clusters. The Cd4-1 sub-clusters are represented by coelacanth, basal teleost, otophysa, and euteleostei, whereas CD4-2 sub-clusters are represented by shark, basal teleost, otophysa, and euteleostei. The predicted IG domain pattern of fish CD4-1 is more similar to the tetrapod CD4, which shows two to four predicted IG domains, than to that of fish CD4-2, which shows two to six predicted IG domains. These findings support vertebrate immunology studies.
       
      Sistem imun adaptif vertebrata menghasilkan respons spesifik terhadap patogen dan membentuk memori imunologis. Sistem ini melibatkan glikoprotein yang disebut cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), yang berperan dalam membantu sel T mengatur respons imun dan mengenali antigen dari major histocompatibility complex kelas II (MHC-II). Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi hubungan pada tingkat protein di antara 254 sekuen asam amino homolog CD4 pada vertebrata, yang terdiri atas 77 sekuen CD4 tetrapoda, 104 sekuen CD4-1 ikan, dan 73 sekuen CD4-2 ikan, dengan menganalisis hubungan filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbour-Joining serta memprediksi struktur domain imunoglobulin (domain IG) menggunakan analisis SMART. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan protein LAG3 sebagai homolog eksternal sebagai akar pohon filogenetik. Hasil analisis filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa kebanyakan sekuen CD4 tetrapoda membentuk kelompok saudara (sister group) dengan kebanyakan sekuen CD4-1 dan CD4-2 ikan. Baik CD4-1 maupun CD4-2 ikan menunjukkan empat subklaster. Pada CD4-1, subklaster tersebut terdiri dari coelacanth, teleost basal, otophysa, dan euteleostei, sedangkan pada CD4-2, subklaster tersebut terdiri dari hiu, teleost basal, otophysa, dan euteleostei. Pola domain IG yang diprediksi pada CD4-1 ikan lebih menyerupai pola pada CD4 tetrapoda, yaitu memiliki dua hingga empat domain IG, dibandingkan dengan CD4-2 ikan yang diprediksi memiliki dua hingga enam domain IG. Temuan ini mendukung studi imunologi vertebrata.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/178644
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