Analisis Social-Ecological System (SES) dan Bioekonomi Tuna Sirip Kuning di PPS Biitung, Sulawesi Utara

Abstract

Tuna sirip kuning (Thunnus albacares) merupakan komoditas unggulan Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera (PPS) Bitung yang terindikasi mengalami tekanan penangkapan berlebih. Penelitian ini menganalisis karakteristik sistem sosial-ekologis dan bioekonomi perikanan tuna sirip kuning handline di PPS Bitung menggunakan Social-Ecological Network Analysis dan model surplus produksi Fox berdasarkan data 2018–2025. Sistem sosial-ekologis terdiri atas 25 komponen dan 70 interaksi dengan kepadatan jaringan rendah (0,1167), leverage point utama adalah pabrik pengolahan dan kapten kapal, sementara aktivitas penangkapan berada di posisi ketiga. Model Fox menunjukkan upaya tangkap aktual 2025 (6.820 trip) telah melampaui MSY (4.565 trip) dan MEY (3.101 trip), mengindikasikan biological dan economic overfishing serta overcapacity sejak 2018. Pengendalian upaya tangkap, variabel kunci kondisi kritis bioekonomi sekaligus wujud aktivitas penangkapan sebagai leverage point, perlu menjadi prioritas utama pengelolaan di PPS Bitung bersama intervensi pada pabrik pengolahan dan kapten kapal.

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a leading commodity at the Oceanic Fishing Port (PPS) of Bitung that indicates excessive fishing pressure. This study analyzes the social-ecological system characteristics and bioeconomic condition of the handline yellowfin tuna fishery in PPS Bitung using Social-Ecological Network Analysis and the Fox surplus production model based on 2018–2025 data. The social-ecological system consists of 25 components and 70 interactions with low network density (0.1167); the primary leverage points are the processing plant and boat captains, while fishing activity ranks third. The Fox model showed that actual 2025 effort (6,820 trips) exceeded the MSY (4,565 trips) and MEY (3,101 trips), indicating biological and economic overfishing together with overcapacity since 2018. Controlling fishing effort, the key variable behind this critical bioeconomic condition and the operational form of fishing activity as a leverage point, should remain a primary management priority in PPS Bitung, alongside interventions at the processing plant and boat-captain level.