Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Sitotoksisitas Ekstrak Etanol 70% Kapang Endofit Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum)

Abstract

Kapang endofit merupakan mikroba yang hidup bersimbiosis di dalam jaringan tanaman dan berpotensi menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif serupa dengan tanaman inangnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi kapang endofit daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) serta menganalisis kandungan fenolik, flavonoid, kapasitas antioksidan, dan sitotoksisitas ekstraknya. Isolasi menghasilkan tiga isolat kapang endofit dengan morfologi berbeda yang diduga Metarizhium, Geitrichum, dan Penisilium. Ketiga isolasi difermentasi dan diekstraksi menggunakan etanol 70% kemudian dialanlisis lebih lanjut. Hasil analisis menunjukkan isolat 3 memiliki kadar fenolik total tertinggi sebesar 24,46±0,49 mg GAE/g CE dengan kategori sedang, kapasitas antioksidan tertinggi sebesar 31,23±2,99 µmol TE/g, serta toksisitas tertinggi dengan nilai LC50 sebesar 450,56±38,15 mg/L dengan kategori toksik. Kadar flavonoid total tertinggi terdapat pada isolat 1 sebesar 4,40±0,15 mg QE/g CE dengan kategori rendah. Seluruh ekstrak bersifat toksik terhadap larva Artemia salina, sehingga berpotensi sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif alami untuk pengembangan bahan baku obat herbal.

Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that live symbiotically within plant tissues and have the potential to produce bioactive compounds similar to those of their host plants. This study aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from red betel (Piper crocatum) leaves and evaluate the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxicity of their extracts. The isolation process yielded three endophytic fungal isolates with distinct morphological characteristics, which were tentatively identified as Metarhizium, Geotrichum, and Penicillium. The isolates were subsequently fermented and extracted using 70% ethanol, followed by further phytochemical and biological analyses. The results showed that isolate 3 exhibited the highest total phenolic content (24.46 ± 0.49 mg GAE/g CE), which was classified as moderate, the highest antioxidant capacity (31.23 ± 2.99 µmol TE/g), and the greatest cytotoxic activity, with an LC50 value of 450.56 ± 38.15 mg/L, indicating a toxic category. The highest total flavonoid content was observed in isolate 1 (4.40 ± 0.15 mg QE/g CE), which was classified as low. All extracts exhibited toxicity toward Artemia salina larvae, suggesting that endophytic fungi from P. crocatum have potential as a natural source of bioactive compounds for the development of herbal medicinal raw materials.