Analisis Tingkat Pencemaran Perairan Berdasarkan Parameter Fisika-Kimia di Laut Pulau Harapan

Abstract

Pulau Harapan, Kepulauan Seribu merupakan kawasan padat penduduk dengan berbagai aktivitas antropogenik sehingga berpotensi menurunkan kualitas perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis status kualitas perairan dan tingkat pencemaran di perairan Laut Pulau Harapan berdasarkan parameter fisika-kimia secara temporal. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada empat titik pengamatan bulan Februari, Mei, Agustus, dan November 2025. Parameter yang diukur meliputi suhu, kekeruhan, TSS, TDS, konduktivitas, salinitas, DO, pH, amonia, nitrat, nitrit, dan ortofosfat yang dibandingkan dengan baku mutu PPRI Nomor 22 Tahun 2021, Lampiran VIII. Analisis status pencemaran dilakukan menggunakan metode Indeks Pencemaran (IP), Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), dan Analisis Komponen Utama (PCA). Berdasarkan metode IP, perairan Laut Pulau Harapan tergolong tercemar ringan dengan skor rata-rata 1,13, sedangkan metode CCME WQI menunjukkan kategori cukup baik dengan skor rata-rata 76. Tingkat pencemaran tertinggi terjadi pada musim kemarau (Agustus) akibat akumulasi polutan dan awal musim hujan (November) akibat fenomena first flush. Analisis PCA mengidentifikasi bahwa tingginya nilai parameter fisika-kimia di Laut Pulau Harapan diduga dipengaruhi oleh masukan limbah domestik dari aktivitas antropogenik dan tingginya tingkat evaporasi pada musim kemarau.

Harapan Island, Thousand Islands is a densely populated area with various anthropogenic activities that potentially degrade water quality. This study aimed to analyze the water quality status and pollution level at Coastal Waters of Harapan Island based on physico-chemical parameters over time. Sampling was conducted at four observation points during February, May, August, and November 2025. Parameters measured included temperature, turbidity, TSS, TDS, conductivity, salinity, DO, pH, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and orthophosphate, which were compared against the water quality standards of Government Regulation No. 22/2021, Appendix VIII. Pollution status was assessed using the Pollution Index (PI), the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Based on the PI method, the waters of Harapan Island Beach were classified as lightly polluted with an average score of 1,13, while the CCME WQI indicated a fair condition with an average score of 76. The highest pollution levels occurred during the dry season (August) due to pollutant accumulation and during the early rainy season (November) due to the first flush phenomenon. PCA analysis identified that the high values of physical-chemical parameters in the coastal waters of Harapan Island were presumably influenced by domestic waste input from anthropogenic activities and high evaporation rates during the dry season.