Pengaruh Komposisi Unsur Hara Terhadap Pembungaan Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Tanaman Menghasilkan Umur Lima Tahun

Abstract

Pembungaan kelapa sawit merupakan tahap kritis dalam siklus hidup kelapa sawit yang berpengaruh langsung pada keberhasilan penyerbukan dan pembentukan tandan buah. Produktivitas kelapa sawit sangat bergantung pada manajemen nutrisi dan kondisi lingkungan. Kegiatan penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh aplikasi komposisi unsur hara terhadap, pertumbuhan, pembentukan pembungaan dan produksi kelapa sawit. Penelitian dilakukan pada Agustus 2025 hingga Mei 2026. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Cikabayan Atas IPB University. Analisis tanah serta analisis daun dilakukan di Laboratorium Pengujian Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura Fakultas Pertanian. Perlakuan disusun dalam 6 taraf pemupukan yaitu: kontrol (P0), Unsur hara standar rekomendasi Pemupukan Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (P1), Komposisi unsur hara 0,5 (P2), Komposisi unsur hara 1 (P3), Komposisi unsur hara 1,5 (P4), dan Komposisi unsur hara 2 (P5). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis ragam pada taraf a = 0,05 dan dilanjutkan dengan uji DMRT. Perlakuan P3 menghasilkan jumlah bunga betina sebesar 11,49 bunga pada 9 BSA atau 55,06% lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol yang hanya menghasilkan 7,41 bunga, serta menghasilkan jumlah bunga jantan terendah sebesar 1,50 bunga atau 48,45% lebih rendah dibandingkan kontrol sebesar 2,91 bunga. Perlakuan P3 menghasilkan bobot janjang rata-rata (BJR) sebesar 17,98 kg atau 25,99% lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol sebesar 14,27 kg. Produktivitas tanaman kelapa sawit pada perlakuan P2 menghasilkan produktivitas sebesar 26,02 ton ha-1 tahun-1, meningkat sekitar 26,46% dibandingkan kontrol sebesar 20,57 ton ha-1 tahun-1.

Oil palm flowering is a critical stage in the life cycle of oil palm, as it directly influences pollination success and fresh fruit bunch formation. Oil palm productivity is highly dependent on nutrient management and environmental conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different nutrient compositions on flowering, growth, and productivity of oil palm. The research was conducted from August 2025 to May 2026 at the Cikabayan Atas Experimental Farm, IPB University. Soil and leaf analyses were carried out at the Testing Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture. The experiment consisted of six fertilization treatments: control (P0), the standard nutrient composition based on the Indonesian Oil Palm Fertilization Recommendation (P1), nutrient composition at 0,5× rate (P2), 1,0× rate (P3), 1,5× rate (P4), and 2,0× rate (P5). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% significance level, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Treatment P3 produced the highest number of female inflorescences, reaching 11,49 inflorescences at nine months after application (MAA), representing a 55,06% increase compared with the control (7.41 inflorescences). The same treatment also resulted in the lowest number of male inflorescences, with 1,50 inflorescences, which was 48,45% lower than the control (2,91 inflorescences). In addition, treatment P3 produced the highest average bunch weight (ABW) of 17,98 kg, representing a 25,99% increase over the control (14.27 kg). The highest oil palm productivity was achieved under treatment P2, reaching 26,02 t ha?¹ year?¹, an increase of approximately 26,46% compared with the control (20,57 t ha?¹ year?¹).