Model Pengelolaan Hubungan Industri Kertas dengan Pemasok Bahan Aditif untuk Perumusan Strategi Peningkatan Daya Saing

Abstract

Industri pulp dan kertas merupakan sektor strategis nasional yang berkontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, penciptaaan lapangan kerja dan peningkatan devisa non-migas. Peningkatan kapasitas terpasang produksi kertas nasional hingga 20,86 juta ton pada tahun 2024 menunjukkan prospek pertumbuhan yang besar, namun masih dihadapkan pada tingginya ketergantungan terhadap bahan aditif impor yang berperan penting dalam menentukan kualitas produk, efisiensi proses produksi, dan inovasi industri. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan hubungan pembeli-pemasok serta penguatan industri bahan aditif domestik menjadi faktor strategis dalam meningkatkan daya saing industri kertas nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi hubungan industri kertas dengan pemasok bahan aditif serta implikasinya terhadap daya saing industri; (2) menganalisis permasalahan dalam sistem rantai pasok bahan aditif; (3) mengembangkan model sistem dinamik dan skenario strategis peningkatan daya saing industri berbasis pengelolaan hubungan pembeli-pemasok; serta (4) menentukan prioritas strategi pengembangan industri kertas nasional. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan Soft System Dynamics Methodology (SSDM) yang mengintegrasikan analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif untuk memahami kompleksitas hubungan antaraktor dalam sistem industri. Data empiris diperoleh melalui survei terhadap pelaku industri kertas dan pemasok bahan aditif di Jawa Barat dengan melibatkan 35 responden. Analisis kuantitatif dilakukan menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS), sedangkan analisis kualitatif diperkuat melalui in-depth interview dengan pihak industri, pemasok, dan pemerintah. Simulasi kebijakan dilakukan dengan model sistem dinamik, sementara penentuan prioritas strategi dilakukan menggunakan Best Worst Method (BWM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas layanan, etika bisnis, dan tata kelola relasional berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap hubungan pembeli-pemasok dan dampaknya terhadap daya saing industri kertas. Tata kelola relasional menjadi faktor dominan dengan nilai koefisien tertinggi (ß = 0,469), yang menegaskan pentingnya kepercayaan, komitmen jangka panjang, dan kolaborasi strategis dalam hubungan industrial. Hubungan pembeli-pemasok juga terbukti memiliki pengaruh sangat kuat terhadap daya saing industri (ß = 0,900), sehingga kualitas hubungan antar aktor rantai pasok menjadi determinan utama dalam meningkatkan efisiensi biaya, kualitas produk, stabilitas pasokan, dan posisi kompetitif industri. Berdasarkan analisis faktor dan analisis konten, didapatkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi hubungan pembeli-pemasok pada daya saing adalah: fleksibilitas logistik, kualitas bahan aditif, komunikasi, pengetahuan dan kemampuan sumber daya manusia, komitmen, perencanaan dan pemecahan masalah bersama, kepercayaan, serta kolaborasi. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, dikembangkan tiga skenario strategis, yaitu: (1) peningkatan kapabilitas sumber daya manusia; (2) peningkatan kualitas dan stabilitas pasokan bahan aditif lokal; dan (3) pembangunan ekosistem industri terintegrasi berbasis kolaborasi antara industri kertas, pemasok bahan aditif, pemerintah, dan institusi pendukung. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa skenario ketiga memberikan dampak paling optimal terhadap peningkatan hubungan pembeli-pemasok, kapasitas produksi, dan profitabilitas industri hingga tahun 2035. Simulasi menunjukkan peningkatan hubungan buyer–supplier sebesar 0,897, peningkatan kapasitas produksi mencapai 475.314 ton per tahun, serta peningkatan profit industri hingga Rp 811 miliar pada tahun 2035. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa penguatan ekosistem industri berbasis kolaborasi dan inovasi merupakan strategi paling efektif dalam meningkatkan daya saing industri kertas nasional. Hasil analisis BWM menunjukkan bahwa strategi prioritas utama adalah penguatan kolaborasi inovasi melalui joint research and development (joint R&D) antara industri kertas dan pemasok bahan aditif dengan bobot prioritas sebesar 0,265. Strategi ini dinilai mampu meningkatkan kualitas produk, mempercepat inovasi proses produksi, memperkuat stabilitas rantai pasok, serta meningkatkan efisiensi dan daya saing industri secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan model strategis terintegrasi yang mengombinasikan pendekatan relasional, sistem dinamik, dan pengembangan ekosistem industri dalam peningkatan daya saing industri kertas. Secara teoretis, penelitian ini berkontribusi terhadap pengembangan kajian buyer–supplier relationship management melalui integrasi SSDM dan sistem dinamik dalam konteks industri manufaktur strategis. Secara praktis, penelitian ini menawarkan kerangka kebijakan bagi pemerintah dan pelaku industri dalam meningkatkan substitusi impor, pengembangan industri bahan aditif lokal, serta peningkatan daya saing industri berbasis inovasi dan keberlanjutan.

The pulp and paper industry is a strategic national sector that contributes to economic growth, job creation, and increased non-oil and gas foreign exchange earnings. The increase in national installed paper production capacity to 20.86 million tons by 2024 indicates significant growth prospects; however, the industry still faces high dependence on imported additives, which play a crucial role in determining product quality, production process efficiency, and industrial innovation. These conditions indicate that managing buyer-supplier relationships and strengthening the domestic additive industry are strategic factors in enhancing the competitiveness of the national paper industry. This study aims to: (1) identify the factors influencing the relationship between the paper industry and additive suppliers and their implications for industrial competitiveness; (2) analyse issues within the additive supply chain system; (3) develop a dynamic systems model and strategic scenarios for enhancing industrial competitiveness based on buyer-supplier relationship management; and (4) determine the priorities for the national paper industry’s development strategy. The study employs the Soft System Dynamics Methodology (SSDM), which integrates qualitative and quantitative analysis to understand the complexity of relationships among actors within the industrial system. Empirical data were collected through a survey of paper industry stakeholders and additive material suppliers in West Java, involving 35 respondents. Quantitative analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modelling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS), while qualitative analysis was reinforced through in-depth interviews with industry representatives, suppliers, and government officials. Policy simulations were performed using a dynamic systems model, while strategic prioritization was conducted using the Best Worst Method (BWM). The research results indicate that service quality, business ethics, and relational governance have a positive and significant impact on buyer–supplier relationships and the competitiveness of the paper industry. Relational governance emerged as the dominant factor with the highest coefficient value (ß = 0.469), underscoring the importance of trust, long-term commitment, and strategic collaboration in industrial relationships. Buyer–supplier relationships were also found to have a very strong influence on industry competitiveness (ß = 0.900), making the quality of relationships among supply chain actors the primary determinant in improving cost efficiency, product quality, supply stability, and the industry’s competitive position. Analysis of factors and content analysis reveal that the determinants affecting the buyer-supplier relationship regarding competitiveness include logistics flexibility, paper additives quality, communication, human resource expertise dan capabilities, commitment, joint planning and problem solving, trust, and collaboration.

Based on the simulation results, three strategic scenarios were developed: (1) enhancing human resource capabilities; (2) improving the quality and stability of local additive supply; and (3) building an integrated industrial ecosystem based on collaboration among the paper industry, additive suppliers, the government, and supporting institutions. The simulation results indicate that the third scenario yields the most optimal impact on improving buyer-supplier relationships, production capacity, and industry profitability through 2035. The simulation indicates an improvement in buyer–supplier relationships of 0.897, an increase in production capacity reaching 475,314 tons per year, and an increase in industry profits to Rp 811 billion by 2035. These findings confirm that strengthening a collaborative and innovation-based industrial ecosystem is the most effective strategy for enhancing the competitiveness of the national paper industry The results of the BWM analysis indicate that the top priority strategy is strengthening innovation collaboration through joint research and development (joint R&D) between the paper industry and additive suppliers, with a priority weight of 0.265. This strategy is assessed as capable of improving product quality, accelerating production process innovation, strengthening supply chain stability, and enhancing industrial efficiency and competitiveness sustainably. This study produces an integrated strategic model that combines relational, dynamic systems, and industrial ecosystem development approaches to enhance the competitiveness of the paper industry. Theoretically, this study contributes to the development of buyer–supplier relationship management research through the integration of SSDM and dynamic systems within the context of strategic manufacturing industries. Practically, this research offers a policy framework for the government and industry stakeholders to strengthen import substitution, develop the domestic additive materials industry, and enhance industrial competitiveness based on innovation and sustainability.