Dampak Sampah Laut (Marine Debris) terhadap Habitat Ikan Karang Pada Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Perairan Pulau Pramuka, Jakarta

Abstract

Sampah laut merupakan ancaman serius bagi ekosistem terumbu karang di Perairan Pulau Pramuka yang menerima masukan sampah dari Teluk Jakarta sebesar 8,32 ton per hari, dan aktivitas manusia setempat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi sampah laut; mengidentifikasi kondisi terumbu karang, serta mengestimasi kelimpahan, biomassa, dan tingkat trofik ikan karang yang terkait dengan kualitas ekosistem terumbu karang yang dipengaruhi oleh sampah laut (marine debris) di Perairan Pulau Pramuka. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada empat stasiun menggunakan metode Belt Transect, Line Intercept Transect, dan Underwater Visual Census pada kedalaman 3–10 meter. Hasil menunjukkan jenis sampah dominan berupa plastik bungkus makanan dan kain, dengan tutupan sampah tertinggi sebesar 16% dari 250 m² dan jumlah sampah laut yang tidak selalu berbanding lurus dengan beratnya. Terdapat hubungan antara persentase tutupan karang keras dan komunitas ikan karang dengan tutupan sampah laut. Pada stasiun dengan tutupan sampah tertinggi ditemukan kelimpahan ikan tertinggi, namun biomassa terendah dan didominasi oleh ikan jenis oportunistik, terutama dari famili Pomacentridae. Akumulasi sampah laut berdampak nyata pada ekosistem terumbu karang di lokasi studi, sehingga diperlukan pengurangan sampah yang masuk ke laut melalui pendekatan terpadu.

Marine debris poses a significant threat to the coral reef ecosystem in the waters surrounding Pramuka Island, which receives about 8.32 tons of waste per day from Jakarta Bay, in addition to waste from local human activities. This study aimed to inventory marine debris, assess coral reef condition, and estimate the abundance, biomass, and trophic levels of reef fish in relation to the quality of coral reef ecosystems affected by marine debris in the waters of Pramuka Island. Data were collected at four stations using the Belt Transect, Line Intercept Transect, and Underwater Visual Census methods at depths ranging from 3 to 10 meters. The findings indicate that the predominant types of debris are plastic food wrappers and fabric, with the highest debris cover reaching 16% of 250 m². Notably, the quantity of marine debris does not always correlate directly with its weight. There is a relationship between the percentage cover of hard coral and the coral reef fish community with marine debris cover. At the station with the highest debris cover, the greatest fish abundance was observed, although it exhibited the lowest biomass and was dominated by opportunistic fish species, particularly from the family Pomacentridae. The accumulation of marine debris significantly impacts the coral reef ecosystem at the study site, highlighting the need for an integrated approach to reduce waste entering the sea.