Profil dan Potensi Genomik Mikroba pada Kombucha Berbahan Dasar Bangle (Zingiber montanum) Melalui Analisis Whole Metagenome Sequencing

Abstract

Fermentasi kombucha melibatkan komunitas bakteri dan khamir, tetapi komposisi mikroba dan potensi fungsional kombucha berbahan dasar bangle (Zingiber montanum) masih belum banyak diketahui. Penelitian ini mengarakterisasi komunitas mikroba dan potensi genomik kombucha bangle selama fermentasi 14 hari menggunakan whole metagenome sequencing. Selama fermentasi, nilai pH dan °Brix menurun, sedangkan total dissolved solids meningkat. Komunitas mikroba didominasi oleh Acetobacteraceae (88–98,5%), terutama genus Komagataeibacter dan Acetobacter. Rekonstruksi metagenom menghasilkan empat MAG berkualitas sedang hingga tinggi yang teridentifikasi sebagai Acetobacter senegalensis berdasarkan nilai ANI 97,52–97,80% dan dDDH 78,5–81,0%. Anotasi fungsional menunjukkan dominasi gen yang terkait dengan metabolisme, transport, dan biogenesis membran, serta potensi biotransformasi senyawa aromatik/fenolik, sedangkan analisis biosynthetic gene cluster mengidentifikasi klaster hserlactone, terpene, redox-cofactor, RiPP-like, dan NRPS. Temuan ini menunjukkan dominasi bakteri asam asetat serta potensi biosintesis yang dimiliki oleh mikrobioma kombucha bangle.

Kombucha fermentation involves bacterial and yeast communities; however, the microbial composition and functional potential of kombucha prepared from Zingiber montanum remain poorly understood. This study characterized the microbial community and genomic potential of bangle kombucha during a 14-day fermentation using whole metagenome sequencing. During fermentation, pH and °Brix decreased, while total dissolved solids increased. The microbial community was dominated by Acetobacteraceae (88–98.5%), particularly the genera Komagataeibacter and Acetobacter. Metagenome reconstruction generated four medium to high quality MAGs identified as Acetobacter senegalensis based on ANI values of 97.52–97.80% and dDDH values of 78.5–81.0%. Functional annotation revealed the predominance of genes associated with metabolism, transport, membrane biogenesis, as well as the potential for aromatic/phenolic compound biotransformation, whereas biosynthetic gene cluster analysis identified hserlactone, terpene, redox-cofactor, RiPP-like, and NRPS clusters. These findings highlight the dominance of acetic acid bacteria and the biosynthetic potential of the bangle kombucha microbiome.