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      Seleksi dan Identifikasi Khamir Toleran Kadmium serta Deteksi Gen Toleransinya

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      MAHARANI, ZAHARA INTAN
      Astuti, Rika Indri
      Meryandini, Anja
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      Abstract
      Aktivitas manusia di bidang industri, seperti peleburan logam, penyulingan, dan pembuatan baterai, menghasilkan limbah kadmium yang bersifat toksik, karsinogen, dan persisten sehingga memerlukan upaya bioremediasi berbasis mikroorganisme. Khamir (yeast) adalah organisme eukariotik bersel tunggal yang mampu beradaptasi terhadap kontaminasi logam dan mendetoksifikasi logam tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyeleksi isolat khamir toleran kadmium dan mengidentifikasi isolat terpilih secara molekuler. Sepuluh isolat khamir diuji pada berbagai konsentrasi CdCl2 berdasarkan metode spot assay. Dua isolat dengan toleransi tertinggi selanjutnya diidentifikasi daerah Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) dan dianalisis melalui amplifikasi gen Yeast Cadmium Factor 1 (YCF1) menggunakan primer spesifik. Hasil spot assay menunjukkan isolat BT5 dan DS3 memiliki toleransi tertinggi dengan viabilitas yang stabil hingga konsentrasi kadmium 1000 µM. Analisis sekuen ITS mengidentifikasi isolat BT5 sebagai Wickerhamomyces anomalus (kemiripan 99%) dan isolat DS3 sebagai Cyberlindnera jadinii (kemiripan 98%). Amplifikasi gen YCF1 menghasilkan pita tunggal spesifik berukuran 1555 pb pada kontrol positif Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, namun tidak menghasilkan produk amplifikasi pada kedua isolat, meskipun telah dilakukan optimasi PCR. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa primer berbasis sekuens S. cerevisiae belum sesuai untuk mendeteksi gen YCF1 pada kedua khamir non-konvensional, sehingga diperlukan pendekatan genomik, seperti Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), untuk mengarakterisasi gen toleransi kadmium.
       
      Industrial activities such as metal smelting, refining, and battery manufacturing produce cadmium waste that is toxic, carcinogenic, and persistent, requiring microorganism-based bioremediation. Yeast is a single-celled eukaryotic capable of adapting to metal contamination and detoxifying metals. This study aimed to select cadmium-tolerant yeast isolates and identify them molecularly. Ten yeast isolates were tested at various CdCl2 concentrations using a spot assay. The two most tolerant isolates were identified by amplification of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region, followed by amplification of the Yeast Cadmium Factor 1 (YCF1) gene using specific primers. Spot assay results showed that BT5 and DS3 isolates had the highest resistance, maintaining stable viability under cadmium up to 1000 µM. ITS sequence analysis identified strain BT5 as Wickerhamomyces anomalus (99% similarity) and DS3 as Cyberlindnera jadinii (98% similarity). Amplification of the YCF1 gene produced a single 1555 bp band in the positive control Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, but no amplification product in either isolate. These findings indicate that primers designed based on the S. cerevisiae YCF1 sequence were unsuitable for detecting YCF1 in these non-conventional yeasts, highlighting the need for genomic approaches, such as Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS), to characterize cadmium tolerance genes.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/176903
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