RESILIENSI DAN STRATEGI NAFKAH RUMAH TANGGA KOMUNITAS PESISIR MENGHADAPI DAMPAK PEMBANGUNAN PELABUHAN PATIMBAN

Abstract

Pembangunan Pelabuhan Internasional Patimban (PIP) di Desa Patimban, Kabupaten Subang, melalui reklamasi kawasan pesisir telah mengganggu fishing ground dan memengaruhi sistem penghidupan masyarakat pesisir. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak pembangunan pelabuhan terhadap rumah tangga pesisir, strategi nafkah yang diterapkan, tingkat resiliensi rumah tangga, serta hubungan antara strategi nafkah dan resiliensi rumah tangga. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif yang didukung data kualitatif dengan metode survei terhadap 75 rumah tangga yang terdiri atas 15 rumah tangga nelayan dan 60 rumah tangga nonnelayan (ABK dan buruh ikan asin). Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner terstruktur dan wawancara mendalam, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan tabulasi silang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembangunan pelabuhan menimbulkan dampak ekologis berupa penurunan jenis dan jumlah tangkapan ikan serta peningkatan biaya melaut, yang berdampak pada penurunan pendapatan rumah tangga. Dampak sosial budaya relatif terbatas, meskipun tradisi Nyadran tidak lagi dilaksanakan secara rutin akibat melemahnya aktivitas ekonomi perikanan. Rumah tangga nelayan memiliki keunggulan pada kepemilikan aset produktif dan penerimaan remitan, sedangkan rumah tangga nonnelayan memiliki sumber daya manusia yang lebih baik, terutama keterampilan di luar sektor perikanan. Modal sosial menjadi kapasitas adaptif terkuat yang dimiliki komunitas melalui kepercayaan, norma, dan jaringan sosial. Rumah tangga menerapkan berbagai strategi nafkah, meliputi diversifikasi pekerjaan, intensifikasi tenaga kerja, migrasi, pinjam-meminjam, pemanfaatan bantuan sosial, pengembangan UMKM, dan berutang. Namun, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa jumlah strategi nafkah tidak berhubungan dengan tingkat resiliensi rumah tangga. Sebagian besar rumah tangga nelayan (72%) dan nonnelayan (75%) berada pada kategori kurang resilien, sehingga menunjukkan bahwa strategi adaptasi pada level rumah tangga belum mampu mengimbangi disrupsi struktural akibat pembangunan pelabuhan. Oleh karena itu, penguatan resiliensi memerlukan intervensi eksternal melalui kebijakan pemerintah, perlindungan sosial, dan pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir.

The construction of Patimban International Port (PIP) in Patimban Village, Subang Regency, through coastal reclamation has disrupted traditional fishing grounds and affected the livelihoods of coastal communities. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the port development on coastal households, the livelihood strategies they adopt, the level of household resilience, and the relationship between livelihood strategies and household resilience. The study employed a descriptive quantitative approach supported by qualitative data using a survey method involving 75 households, consisting of 15 fisher households and 60 non-fisher households (fishing crew members and salted fish laborers). Data were collected through structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation. The results indicate that the port development has generated significant ecological impacts, including a decline in fish species diversity and catch volume, as well as increased fishing costs, which consequently reduced household income. Socio-cultural impacts were relatively limited, although the Nyadran traditional ceremony has no longer been held regularly due to the decline of the local fisheries economy. Fisher households possessed stronger productive assets and remittance income, whereas non-fisher households demonstrated better human capital, particularly in skills outside the fisheries sector. Social capital emerged as the strongest adaptive capacity, reflected in the community's trust, norms, and social networks. Households adopted various livelihood strategies, including livelihood diversification, labor intensification, migration, informal borrowing, utilization of social assistance, small business development, and debt financing. However, the analysis revealed no significant relationship between the number of livelihood strategies employed and household resilience. Most fisher households (72%) and non-fisher households (75%) were classified as less resilient, indicating that household-level adaptation strategies alone were insufficient to cope with the structural disruptions caused by the port development. Therefore, strengthening resilience requires external interventions through government policies, social protection, and sustainable economic empowerment programs for coastal communities.