Strategi Adaptasi Nelayan Kecil Jaring Rampus di Muara Angke Jakarta terhadap Dampak Perubahan Cuaca

Abstract

Perubahan cuaca menyebabkan hasil tangkapan menurun dan pola hujan yang tidak menentu. Kondisi tersebut mendorong nelayan jaring rampus untuk melakukan berbagai strategi adaptasi guna memastikan keberlanjutan kegiatan penangkapan ikan. Namun, kemampuan adaptasi setiap nelayan berbeda karena dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, seperti tingkat pendapatan, teknologi, pengaruh cuaca, dan faktor kognitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perikanan jaring rampus, menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi adaptasi nelayan, serta menganalisis pengaruh kognitif nelayan terhadap adaptasi nelayan jaring rampus di Muara Angke. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner dan wawancara terhadap 30 nelayan, serta observasi terhadap alat tangkap dan kapal nelayan jaring rampus. Data dianalisis dengan pendekatan deskriptif dan regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jaring rampus termasuk jaring insang dasar dengan hasil tangkapan didominasi ikan kembung (Rastrelliger spp.) sebesar 20% dan puncak produksi pada musim timur terutama bulan Juni. Strategi adaptasi yang diterapkan adalah menunda pengoperasian saat cuaca buruk dan berpindah daerah penangkapan. Secara parsial, hanya variabel teknologi yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kedua strategi adaptasi (p=0,031, p=0,029, dan p=0,018), sedangkan dari aspek kognitif hanya kognitif ekonomi yang berpengaruh signifikan (p=0,000).

Weather changes cause catches to decline and rainfall patterns to become unpredictable. This situation has prompted the adoption of various adaptation strategies to ensure the sustainability of their fishing activities. However, each fisherman's ability to adapt varies, influenced by various factors, such as income level, technology, weather influences, and cognitive factors. This study aimed to describe the gillnet fishery, analyze the factors affecting fishers' adaptation, and examine the influence of fishers' cognition on the adaptation of gillnet fishers in Muara Angke. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews with 30 fishers, and observations of gillnet fishing gear and vessels. The data were analyzed using descriptive methods and multiple linear regression. The results showed that gillnets are classified as bottom gillnets, with catches dominated by Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger spp.), accounting for 20% of the total catch, and peak production occurring during the east monsoon, particularly in June. The adaptation strategies adopted by fishers included postponing fishing operations during adverse weather conditions and shifting fishing grounds. Partially, only the technology variable had a significant effect on both adaptation strategies (p = 0.031, p = 0.029, and p = 0.018), while among the cognitive dimensions, only economic cognition had a significant effect on fishers' adaptation (p = 0.000).