Analisis Distribusi Multitemporal Total Suspended Solids Menggunakan Citra Sentinel-2 dan Pola Perubahannya Terhadap Jarak di Perairan Ancol

Abstract

Perairan Ancol menghadapi tekanan pencemaran akibat limbah daratan yang berdampak pada tingginya Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji akurasi algoritma estimasi TSS pada citra Sentinel-2, memetakan distribusi multitemporal (2022–2025), dan menganalisis fluktuasi konsentrasi berdasarkan jarak ke arah laut lepas. Metode meliputi pengolahan citra Sentinel-2 berbasis Google Earth Engine, pengujian lima algoritma empiris, dan ekstraksi transek spasial sejauh 1.000 meter. Hasil menunjukkan Algoritma Parwati sebagai model terbaik dengan Mean Absolute Error (MAE) 14,05 mg/L dan Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) 28,52 mg/L. Pemetaan multitemporal membuktikan kondisi TSS yang dinamis; sedimen terakumulasi pekat di pesisir pada 2022, namun menurun drastis pada 2024–2025 akibat minimnya curah hujan. Analisis jarak menunjukkan penurunan konsentrasi drastis di muara akibat koagulasi alami, peluruhan konstan karena redaman infrastruktur pelabuhan, serta fluktuasi di perairan terbuka akibat resuspensi oleh tegangan geser dasar.

Ancol waters face continuous pollution pressure from land-based waste, leading to high Total Suspended Solids (TSS). This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of TSS estimation algorithms on Sentinel-2 imagery, map its multitemporal distribution (2022–2025), and analyze concentration fluctuations based on the distance to the open sea. The methods involved Sentinel-2 image processing via Google Earth Engine, testing five empirical algorithms, and extracting a 1,000-meter spatial transect. The results identified the Parwati Algorithm as the best model, generating the lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 14.05 mg/L and an RMSE of 28.52 mg/L. Multitemporal mapping showed dynamic TSS conditions; sediment accumulated heavily on the coast in 2022 but decreased drastically in 2024–2025 due to minimal rainfall. Distance analysis revealed a sharp concentration drop in the estuary due to natural coagulation, a constant decline caused by port infrastructure wave attenuation, and fluctuations in open waters driven by sediment resuspension from bottom shear stress.